Drug eluting ocular implant with anchor and methods thereof

ABSTRACT

Ocular implants, delivery devices and methods for treating ocular disorders are disclosed. One method involves inserting an implant on one side of an eye. The implant has an anchor on a distal end portion and an outlet opening that is disposed proximal of the anchor. The implant is advanced across the eye to the other side of the eye. The anchor is inserted into eye tissue on the other side of the eye. A therapeutic agent is eluted using the implant.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 11/083,713, filed Mar. 18, 2005 (the “11/083,713 application”), nowU.S. Pat. No. 7,431,710 B2, issued Oct. 7, 2008, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/634,213,filed Aug. 5, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,867,186 B2, issued Jan. 11,2011, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 10/118,578, filed Apr. 8, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,135,009 B2,issued Nov. 14, 2006.

The 11/083,713 application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/667,580, filed Sep. 22, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No.7,488,303 B1, issued Feb. 10, 2009.

The present application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/598,542, filed Nov. 13, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No.7,563,241 B2, issued Jul. 21, 2009, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/118,578, filed Apr. 8, 2002, now U.S.Pat. No. 7,135,009 B2, issued Nov. 14, 2006, which claims the prioritybenefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/281,973, filed Apr. 7,2001.

The present application claims priority to all of the aforementionedapplications, and the entireties of each of these priority documents arehereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONS

1. Field of the Inventions

The present application relates generally to medical devices and methodsfor reducing the intraocular pressure in an animal eye and, moreparticularly, to shunt-type stenting devices for permitting and/orenhancing aqueous outflow from the eye's anterior chamber towardexisting outflow pathways and associated methods thereof for thetreatment of glaucoma in general.

2. Description of the Related Art

The human eye is a specialized sensory organ capable of light receptionand able to receive visual images. The trabecular meshwork serves as adrainage channel and is located in the anterior chamber angle formedbetween the iris and the cornea. The trabecular meshwork maintains abalanced pressure in the anterior chamber of the eye by allowing aqueoushumor to flow from the anterior chamber.

About two percent of people in the United States have glaucoma. Glaucomais a group of eye diseases encompassing a broad spectrum of clinicalpresentations, etiologies, and treatment modalities. Glaucoma causespathological changes in the optic nerve, visible on the optic disk, andit causes corresponding visual field loss, resulting in blindness ifuntreated. Lowering intraocular pressure is the major treatment goal inall glaucomas.

In glaucomas associated with an elevation in eye pressure (intraocularhypertension), the source of resistance to outflow of aqueous humor ismainly in the trabecular meshwork. The tissue of the trabecular meshworkallows the aqueous humor, or aqueous, to enter Schlemm's canal, whichthen empties into aqueous collector channels in the posterior wall ofSchlemm's canal and then into aqueous veins, which form the episcleralvenous system. Aqueous humor is a transparent liquid that fills theregion between the cornea, at the front of the eye, and the lens. Theaqueous humor is continuously secreted by the ciliary body around thelens, so there is an essentially constant flow of aqueous humor from theciliary body to the eye's anterior chamber. The anterior chamberpressure is determined by a balance between the production of aqueousand its exit through the trabecular meshwork (major route) or uvealscleral outflow (minor route). The trabecular meshwork is locatedbetween the outer rim of the iris and the back of the cornea, in theanterior chamber angle. The portion of the trabecular meshwork adjacentto Schlemm's canal (the juxtacanilicular meshwork) causes most of theresistance to aqueous outflow.

Glaucoma is grossly classified into two categories: closed-angleglaucoma, also known as “angle closure” glaucoma, and open-angleglaucoma. Closed-angle glaucoma is caused by closure of the anteriorchamber angle by contact between the iris and the inner surface of thetrabecular meshwork. Closure of this anatomical angle prevents normaldrainage of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the eye.

Open-angle glaucoma is any glaucoma in which the angle of the anteriorchamber remains open, but the exit of aqueous through the trabecularmeshwork is diminished. The exact cause for diminished filtration isunknown for most cases of open-angle glaucoma. Primary open-angleglaucoma is the most common of the glaucomas, and it is oftenasymptomatic in the early to moderately advanced stage. Patients maysuffer substantial, irreversible vision loss prior to diagnosis andtreatment. However, there are secondary open-angle glaucomas which mayinclude edema or swelling of the trabecular spaces (e.g., fromcorticosteroid use), abnormal pigment dispersion, or diseases such ashyperthyroidism that produce vascular congestion.

Current therapies for glaucoma are directed at decreasing intraocularpressure. Medical therapy includes topical ophthalmic drops or oralmedications that reduce the production or increase the outflow ofaqueous. However, these drug therapies for glaucoma are sometimesassociated with significant side effects, such as headache, blurredvision, allergic reactions, death from cardiopulmonary complications,and potential interactions with other drugs. When drug therapy fails,surgical therapy is used. Surgical therapy for open-angle glaucomaconsists of laser trabeculoplasty, trabeculectomy, and implantation ofaqueous shunts after failure of trabeculectomy or if trabeculectomy isunlikely to succeed. Trabeculectomy is a major surgery that is widelyused and is augmented with topically applied anticancer drugs, such as5-flurouracil or mitomycin-C to decrease scarring and increase thelikelihood of surgical success.

Approximately 100,000 trabeculectomies are performed on Medicare-agepatients per year in the United States. This number would likelyincrease if the morbidity associated with trabeculectomy could bedecreased. The current morbidity associated with trabeculectomy consistsof failure (10-15%); infection (a life long risk of 2-5%); choroidalhemorrhage, a severe internal hemorrhage from low intraocular pressure,resulting in visual loss (1%); cataract formation; and hypotonymaculopathy (potentially reversible visual loss from low intraocularpressure).

For these reasons, surgeons have tried for decades to develop a workablesurgery for the trabecular meshwork.

The surgical techniques that have been tried and practiced aregoniotomy/trabeculotomy and other mechanical disruptions of thetrabecular meshwork, such as trabeculopuncture, goniophotoablation,laser trabecular ablation, and goniocurretage. These are all majoroperations and are briefly described below.

Goniotomy/Trabeculotomy: Goniotomy and trabeculotomy are simple anddirected techniques of microsurgical dissection with mechanicaldisruption of the trabecular meshwork. These initially had earlyfavorable responses in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. However,long-term review of surgical results showed only limited success inadults. In retrospect, these procedures probably failed due to cellularrepair and fibrosis mechanisms and a process of “filling in.” Filling inis a detrimental effect of collapsing and closing in of the openingcreated in the trabecular meshwork. Once the openings close, thepressure builds back up and the surgery fails.

Trabeculopuncture: Q-switched Neodynium (Nd) YAG lasers also have beeninvestigated as an optically invasive technique for creatingfull-thickness holes in trabecular meshwork. However, the relativelysmall hole created by this trabeculopuncture technique exhibits afilling-in effect and fails.

Goniophotoablation/Laser Trabecular Ablation: Goniophotoablation isdisclosed by Berlin in U.S. Pat. No. 4,846,172 and involves the use ofan excimer laser to treat glaucoma by ablating the trabecular meshwork.This was demonstrated not to succeed by clinical trial. Hill et al.disclosed the use of an Erbium:YAG laser to create full-thickness holesthrough trabecular meshwork (Hill et al., Lasers in Surgery and Medicine11:341-346, 1991). This technique was investigated in a primate modeland a limited human clinical trial at the University of California,Irvine. Although morbidity was zero in both trials, success rates didnot warrant further human trials. Failure was again from filling in ofsurgically created defects in the trabecular meshwork by repairmechanisms. Neither of these is a viable surgical technique for thetreatment of glaucoma.

Goniocurretage: This is an ab interno (from the inside), mechanicallydisruptive technique that uses an instrument similar to a cyclodialysisspatula with a microcurrette at the tip. Initial results were similar totrabeculotomy: it failed due to repair mechanisms and a process offilling in.

Although trabeculectomy is the most commonly performed filteringsurgery, viscocanulostomy (VC) and non-penetrating trabeculectomy (NPT)are two new variations of filtering surgery. These are ab externo (fromthe outside), major ocular procedures in which Schlemm's canal issurgically exposed by making a large and very deep scleral flap. In theVC procedure, Schlemm's canal is cannulated and viscoelastic substanceinjected (which dilates Schlemm's canal and the aqueous collectorchannels). In the NPT procedure, the inner wall of Schlemm's canal isstripped off after surgically exposing the canal.

Trabeculectomy, VC, and NPT involve the formation of an opening or holeunder the conjunctiva and scleral flap into the anterior chamber, suchthat aqueous humor is drained onto the surface of the eye or into thetissues located within the lateral wall of the eye. These surgicaloperations are major procedures with significant ocular morbidity. Wheretrabeculectomy, VC, and NPT were thought to have a low chance forsuccess in particular cases, a number of implantable drainage deviceshave been used to ensure that the desired filtration and outflow ofaqueous humor through the surgical opening will continue. The risk ofplacing a glaucoma drainage device also includes hemorrhage, infection,and diplopia (double vision).

Examples of implantable shunts and surgical methods for maintaining anopening for the release of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber ofthe eye to the sclera or space beneath the conjunctiva have beendisclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,059,772 to Hsia et al., U.S.Pat. No. 6,050,970 to Baerveldt, U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,283 to Richter etal., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,471,666 to Odrich.

All of the above surgeries and variations thereof have numerousdisadvantages and moderate success rates. They involve substantialtrauma to the eye and require great surgical skill in creating a holethrough the full thickness of the sclera into the subconjunctival space.The procedures are generally performed in an operating room and have aprolonged recovery time for vision.

The complications of existing filtration surgery have promptedophthalmic surgeons to find other approaches to lowering intraocularpressure or treating tissue of trabecular meshwork.

The trabecular meshwork and juxtacanilicular tissue together provide themajority of resistance to the outflow of aqueous and, as such, arelogical targets for tissue stimulation/rejuvenating or shunting in thetreatment of open-angle glaucoma. In addition, minimal amounts of tissueare displaced and functions of the existing physiologic outflow pathwaysare restored.

As reported in Arch. Ophthalm. (2000) 118:412, glaucoma remains aleading cause of blindness, and filtration surgery remains an effective,important option in controlling the disease. However, modifying existingfiltering surgery techniques in any profound way to increase theireffectiveness appears to have reached a dead end. The article furtherstates that the time has come to search for new surgical approaches thatmay provide better and safer care for patients with glaucoma.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONS

There is a great clinical need for an improved method of treatingglaucoma that is faster, safer, and less expensive than currentlyavailable drug or surgical modalities. The methods disclosed hereininclude ab interno and ab externo procedures that involve non-flapoperations. The methods herein may further comprise using an innovativestenting device.

The trabecular meshwork and juxtacanilicular tissue together provide themajority of resistance to the outflow of aqueous and, as such, arelogical targets for the treatment of glaucoma. Various embodiments ofglaucoma devices and methods are disclosed herein for treating glaucomaby an ab interno procedure or an ab externo procedure, with respect totrabecular meshwork. The “ab interno” procedure is herein intended tomean any procedure that creates an opening from the anterior chamberthrough trabecular meshwork outwardly toward Schlemm's canal or towardscleral/cornea wall. This ab interno procedure may be initiated throughthe scleral wall or cornea wall into the anterior chamber as a firststep. The “ab externo” procedure is herein intended to mean anyprocedure that creates an opening on the scleral wall through trabecularmeshwork inwardly toward the anterior chamber. In most “ab externo”procedures disclosed herein, an instrument is passed through or contactsSchlemm's canal before entering trabecular meshwork and approaching theanterior chamber. The trabecular meshwork can generally be said to bebordered on one side by the anterior chamber and on the other side bySchlemm's canal.

Glaucoma surgical morbidity would greatly decrease if one were to bypassthe focal resistance to outflow of aqueous only at the point ofresistance, and to utilize remaining, healthy aqueous outflowmechanisms. This is in part because episcleral aqueous humor exerts abackpressure that prevents intraocular pressure from falling too low,and one could thereby avoid hypotony. Thus, such a surgery may virtuallyeliminate the risk of hypotony-related maculopathy and choroidalhemorrhage. Furthermore, visual recovery would be very rapid, and therisk of infection may be very small, reflecting a reduction in incidencefrom 2-5% to about 0.05%.

Copending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/549,350, filed Apr. 14, 2000,entitled APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR TREATING GLAUCOMA, now U.S. Pat. No.6,638,239, and copending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/704,276, filedNov. 1, 2000, entitled GLAUCOMA TREATMENT DEVICE, now U.S. Pat. No.6,736,791, disclose devices and methods of placing a trabecular shunt abinterno, i.e., from inside the anterior chamber through the trabecularmeshwork, into Schlemm's canal. The entire contents of each one of thesecopending patent applications are hereby incorporated by referenceherein. This application encompasses both ab interno and ab externoglaucoma shunts or stents and methods thereof.

One technique performed in accordance with certain aspects herein can bereferred to generally as “trabecular bypass surgery.” Advantages of thistype of surgery include lowering intraocular pressure in a manner whichis simple, effective, disease site-specific, and can potentially beperformed on an outpatient basis.

Generally, trabecular bypass surgery (TBS) creates an opening, a slit,or a hole through trabecular meshwork with minor microsurgery. TBS hasthe advantage of a much lower risk of choroidal hemorrhage and infectionthan prior techniques, and it uses existing physiologic outflowmechanisms. In some aspects, this surgery can potentially be performedunder topical or local anesthesia on an outpatient basis with rapidvisual recovery. To prevent “filling in” of the hole, a biocompatibleelongated hollow device is placed within the hole and serves as a stent.U.S. Pat. No. 6,638,239 and the corresponding PCT application,PCT/US01/07398, filed Mar. 8, 2001, published as WO 01/78631A2, theentire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein,disclose trabecular bypass surgery in details.

As described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,638,239 and 6,736,791, a trabecularshunt or stent for transporting aqueous humor is provided. Thetrabecular stent includes a hollow, elongate tubular element, having aninlet section and an outlet section. The outlet section may optionallyinclude two segments or elements, adapted to be positioned andstabilized inside Schlemm's canal. In one embodiment, the device appearsas a “T” shaped device. In another embodiment, the device appears as a“L” shaped device. In still another embodiment, the device appears as a“I” shaped embodiment.

In accordance with some embodiments disclosed herein, a deliveryapparatus (or “applicator”) is used for placing a trabecular stentthrough a trabecular meshwork of an eye. Certain embodiments of such adelivery apparatus are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No.10/101,548, filed Mar. 18, 2002, entitled APPLICATOR AND METHODS FORPLACING A TRABECULAR SHUNT FOR GLAUCOMA TREATMENT, and U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 60/276,609, filed Mar. 16, 2001, entitled APPLICATOR ANDMETHODS FOR PLACING A TRABECULAR SHUNT FOR GLAUCOMA TREATMENT, theentire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by referenceherein.

The stent has an inlet section and an outlet section. In one embodiment,the delivery apparatus includes a handpiece, an elongate tip, a holderand an actuator. The handpiece has a distal end and a proximal end. Theelongate tip is connected to the distal end of the handpiece. Theelongate tip has a distal portion and is configured to be placed througha corneal incision and into an anterior chamber of the eye. The holderis attached to the distal portion of the elongate tip. The holder isconfigured to hold and release the inlet section of the trabecularstent. The actuator is on the handpiece and actuates the holder torelease the inlet section of the trabecular stent from the holder. Whenthe trabecular stent is deployed from the delivery apparatus into theeye, the outlet section is positioned in substantially oppositedirections inside Schlemm's canal. In one embodiment, a deploymentmechanism within the delivery apparatus includes a push-pull typeplunger.

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to devices for reducingintraocular pressure by providing outflow of aqueous from an anteriorchamber of an eye. The device generally comprises an elongated tubularmember and cutting means. The tubular member is adapted for extendingthrough a trabecular meshwork of the eye. The tubular member generallycomprises a lumen having an inlet port and at least one outlet port forproviding a flow pathway. The cutting means is mechanically connected toor is an integral part of the tubular member for creating an incision inthe trabecular meshwork for receiving at least a portion of the tubularmember.

In one embodiment, a self-trephining glaucoma stent is provided forreducing and/or balancing intraocular pressure in an eye. The stentgenerally comprises a snorkel and a curved blade. The snorkel generallycomprises an upper seat for stabilizing the stent within the eye, ashank and a lumen. The shank is mechanically connected to the seat andis adapted for extending through a trabecular meshwork of the eye. Thelumen extends through the snorkel and has at least one inlet flow portand at least one outlet flow port. The blade is mechanically connectedto the snorkel. The blade generally comprises a cutting tip proximate adistal-most point of the blade for making an incision in the trabecularmeshwork for receiving the shank.

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to methods of implanting atrabecular stent device in an eye. In one embodiment, the device has asnorkel mechanically connected to a blade. The blade is advanced througha trabecular meshwork of the eye to cut the trabecular meshwork and forman incision therein. At least a portion of the snorkel is inserted inthe incision to implant the device in the eye.

Some embodiments provide a self-trephining glaucoma stent and methodsthereof which advantageously allow for a “one-step” procedure in whichthe incision and placement of the stent are accomplished by a singledevice and operation. This desirably allows for a faster, safer, andless expensive surgical procedure. In any of the embodiments, fiducialmarkings, indicia, or the like and/or positioning of the stent device ina preloaded applicator may be used for proper orientation and alignmentof the device during implantation.

Among the advantages of trabecular bypass surgery is its simplicity. Themicrosurgery may potentially be performed on an outpatient basis withrapid visual recovery and greatly decreased morbidity. There is a lowerrisk of infection and choroidal hemorrhage, and there is a fasterrecovery, than with previous techniques.

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a medical device system fortreating glaucoma of an eye comprising using OCT (optical coherencetomography) as an imaging and locating system for trabecular stentplacement. In one embodiment, the procedure would first be set up withtriangulation or some means to reliably establish the implant locationin x, y, and z coordinates by using OCT within a few microns, mostpreferably in a non-invasive, non-contact manner. Having acquired thetarget space or location, the trabecular stent device would then beinjected into place either via an ab interno procedure or an ab externoprocedure. An article by Hoerauf et al. (Greafe's Arch Clin ExpOpthalmol 2000; 238:8-18 published by Springer-Verlag), the entirecontents of which are incorporated herein by reference, discloses aslit-lamp adapted optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment.

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a “foldable” stent whereinthe size of the stent is reduced in order to place it through a yetsmaller ocular entrance wound, as small as half or less than the size ofthe unfolded stent. The small wound size aids in recovery, to reduce thelikelihood of complications, and to reduce the preparation and extent ofthe surgical environment. In another embodiment, the device ispositioned through the trabecular meshwork in an ab externo or abinterno procedure. Reliable visualization (OCT, UBM, gonioscope,electromagnetic or other means) is a key enabler for micro precisionsurgery such as a trabecular bypass surgery using a microstent.

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a medical device system withtrephining capability, wherein a cutting mechanism is on or as part ofthe applicator for purposes of making the hole in trabecular meshworkfor stent insertion. In one aspect, a cutting tip may protrude throughthe lumen of the stent. In another, the tip extends down the side of thesnorkel without entering the lumen. In still another, the tip eitherpasses through the lumen or down the side and further extends to the tipof the stent that is the leading edge during insertion. In oneembodiment, the cutting tip can be designed to retract after making theincision but before insertion of the stent into Schlemm's canal if itinterferes with the insertion operation. It could also be retractedafter insertion of the stent into Schlemm's canal.

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide an implant for treatingglaucoma, the implant having a longitudinal implant axis and comprisingan outflow portion through which a portion of the longitudinal implantaxis passes. The outflow portion is shaped and sized to be introducedinto Schlemm's canal with the portion of the longitudinal implant axisat an angle to Schlemm's canal. The outflow portion if further shapedand sized to be received within Schlemm's canal regardless of therotational orientation of the outflow portion about the portion of thelongitudinal implant axis during the introduction. The implant alsocomprises an inflow portion in fluid communication with the outflowportion, the inflow portion being configured to permit communication offluid from the anterior chamber of the eye to the outflow portion.

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide an implant for treatingglaucoma that comprises an outflow portion that is sized and shaped tobe received within Schlemm's canal. The outflow portion may comprise anoutflow portion base having an outflow opening and at least one standoffmember disposed to space the outflow opening from a wall of Schlemm'scanal, such that the opening is unobstructed by the canal wall.

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide an implant for treatingglaucoma. The implant has a longitudinal implant axis and comprises afirst portion at a first end of the longitudinal implant axis. The firstportion is sized and configured to reside in Schlemm's canal such thatthe first portion has a maximum dimension along a longitudinal axis ofSchlemm's canal that is not substantially greater than a dimension ofthe first portion that runs perpendicular to both the longitudinal axisof Schlemm's canal and to the longitudinal implant axis. The implantalso comprises a second portion at a second end of the longitudinalimplant axis, the second portion being configured to provide fluidcommunication between the anterior chamber and the first portion.

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide an implant for treatingglaucoma that comprises an outflow portion that is sized and shaped tobe received within Schlemm's canal and an inflow portion that is influid communication with the outflow portion. The inflow portion isconfigured to be disposed in the anterior chamber of the eye. Theimplant also comprises a central portion extending between the inflowand outflow portions. The outflow portion has a diameter that is no morethan three times the diameter of the central portion.

In accordance with one embodiment disclosed herein, an implant fortreating glaucoma is provided. The implant includes a longitudinalimplant axis, and comprises an outflow portion through which thelongitudinal implant axis passes. The outflow portion is shaped andsized to be introduced into Schlemm's canal with the portion of thelongitudinal implant axis at an angle to Schlemm's canal. The outflowportion is also shaped and sized to be received within Schlemm's canalregardless of a rotational orientation of the outflow portion about thelongitudinal implant axis during the introduction. The implant alsocomprises an inflow portion configured to permit communication of fluidfrom the anterior chamber of the eye to the outflow portion.

In accordance with another embodiment disclosed herein, an implant fortreating glaucoma is provided. The implant comprises an outflow portion,sized and shaped to be received within Schlemm's canal. The outflowportion comprises an outflow portion base having an outflow opening andat least one standoff member disposed to space the outflow opening froma wall of Schlemm's canal, such that the outflow opening is unobstructedby the canal wall.

In accordance with a further embodiment disclosed herein, an implant fortreating glaucoma is provided The implant includes a longitudinalimplant axis and comprises a first portion at a first end of thelongitudinal implant axis. The first portion is sized and configured toreside in Schlemm's canal, such that the first portion has a maximumdimension along a longitudinal axis of Schlemm's canal that is notsubstantially greater than a dimension of the first portion that runsperpendicular to both the longitudinal axis of Schlemm's canal and tothe longitudinal implant axis. A second portion at a second end of thelongitudinal implant axis is configured to provide fluid communicationbetween the anterior chamber and the first portion.

In accordance with yet another embodiment disclosed herein, an implantfor treating glaucoma comprises an outflow portion, sized and shaped tobe received within Schlemm's canal. An inflow portion is in fluidcommunication with the outflow portion, the inflow portion configured tobe disposed in the anterior chamber of the eye. A central portion mayextend between the inflow and outflow portions. The outflow portionhaving a diameter that is no more than three times the diameter of thecentral portion.

In accordance with yet another embodiment disclosed herein, aninstrument for delivering implants for treating an ophthalmic conditionis provided. The instrument comprises an elongate body sized to beintroduced into an eye through an incision in the eye. A plurality ofimplants is positioned in the elongate body. The elongate body furthercomprises an actuator that serially dispenses the implants from theelongate body for implanting in eye tissue.

In accordance with another embodiment disclosed herein, a method ofimplanting a plurality of implants for treating glaucoma is provided.The method includes inserting an instrument into an eye through anincision, utilizing the instrument to deliver a first implant through awall of Schlemm's canal at a first location, and utilizing theinstrument to deliver a second implant through a wall of Schlemm's canalat a second location, without removing the instrument from the eyebetween the deliveries of the implants.

In accordance with yet another embodiment disclosed herein, a method ofimplanting a plurality of implants for treating glaucoma is provided.The method includes inserting an instrument into an eye through anincision, utilizing the instrument to deliver a first implant through awall of Schlemm's canal at a first location, and utilizing theinstrument to deliver a second implant through a wall of Schlemm's canalat a second location, wherein the locations are determined frommorphological data on collector channel locations.

In accordance with yet another embodiment disclosed herein, a method ofimplanting a plurality of implants for treating glaucoma is provided.The method comprises inserting an instrument into an eye through anincision, utilizing the instrument to deliver a first implant through awall of Schlemm's canal at a first location, and utilizing theinstrument to deliver a second implant through a wall of Schlemm's canalat a second location. The locations are determined by imaging collectorchannel locations.

In accordance with a further embodiment disclosed herein, a method ofimplanting a plurality of implants for treating glaucoma is provided.The method comprises inserting an instrument into an eye through anincision, utilizing the instrument to deliver a first implant through awall of Schlemm's canal at a first location, and utilizing theinstrument to deliver a second implant through a wall of Schlemm's canalat a second location. The locations are angularly spaced along Schlemm'scanal by at least 20 degrees.

In accordance with yet another embodiment disclosed herein, a method ofimplanting a plurality of implants for treating glaucoma is provided.The method comprises inserting an instrument into an eye through anincision, utilizing the instrument to deliver a first implant through awall of Schlemm's canal at a first location, utilizing the instrument todeliver a second implant through a wall of Schlemm's canal at a secondlocation. The first and second locations are substantially at collectorchannels.

In accordance with another embodiment disclosed herein, a method ofimplanting a plurality of implants for treating glaucoma is provided.The method comprises inserting an instrument into an eye through anincision, utilizing the instrument to deliver a first implant through awall of Schlemm's canal at a first location, and utilizing theinstrument to deliver a second implant through a wall of Schlemm's canalat a second location. The implants have different flow characteristics.

In accordance with yet another embodiment disclosed herein, a method ofimplanting a plurality of implants for treating glaucoma is provided.The method comprises inserting an instrument into an eye through anincision, utilizing the instrument to deliver a first implant into theposterior segment of the eye, and utilizing the instrument to deliver asecond implant into the posterior segment of the eye at a secondlocation. The instrument is not removed from the eye between thedeliveries of the implants.

In accordance with a further embodiment disclosed herein, a method ofimplanting a plurality of implants for treating glaucoma is provided.The method comprises serially dispensing a plurality of preloadedimplants from an instrument into eye tissue at a respective plurality oflocations within the eye.

In some embodiments, an implant for treating glaucoma is disclosed. Theimplant preferably comprises an inlet portion configured to bepositioned in the anterior chamber of an eye and an outlet portion influid communication with the inlet portion, the outlet portionconfigured to be positioned at least partially in Schlemm's canal of theeye. The implant also preferably comprises a scleral anchor extendingfrom the outlet portion. The scleral anchor is configured to penetratepartially the sclera of the eye when the implant is positioned in theeye such that aqueous humor flows from the anterior chamber into theinlet portion, then into the outlet portion, and then into Schlemm'scanal.

The implant may further comprise a stop that limits penetration of theimplant through the sclera. For example, the stop may comprise a base ofsaid outlet portion, an interface between the outlet portion and thescleral anchor, or at least one portion of said scleral anchorconfigured to radially extend into the sclera. Other means for limitingpenetration of the implant through the sclera may also be used.

In some embodiments, the implant comprises a solid-walled tube having atleast two ends. The tube may have multiple openings along a wall of saidtube, the openings being spaced apart from the two ends. The tube mayhave a cross-sectional shape selected from the group consisting of acircle, an ellipse, a rectangle, a square, and a polygon. Other shapesmay also be used.

In some embodiments, the scleral anchor may comprise a screw configuredto penetrate partially the sclera. In further embodiments, the scleralanchor may comprise a sharp end, a conical shape, a screw, at least oneprotrusion, or a circumferential indentation.

In some embodiments, an implant for treating glaucoma is disclosedwherein the implant comprises an inlet portion that is configured to bepositioned in the anterior chamber of an eye and an outlet portion influid communication with the inlet portion. The outlet portion ispreferably configured to be positioned at least partially in Schlemm'scanal of the eye. The outlet portion comprises a bulbous portion havingat least two outlet openings along a surface of said bulbous potion, andthe outlet openings are in fluid communication with the outlet and inletportions.

In some embodiments the surface of the bulbous portion is polyhedral. Infurther embodiments, the bulbous portion has a shape that comprises atleast part of a sphere or at least part of an ellipsoid. In a furtherembodiment, the bulbous portion is substantially hemispherical in shape.

For purposes of summarizing, certain aspects, advantages and novelfeatures of the inventions disclosed herein have been described hereinabove. Of course, it is to be understood that not necessarily all suchadvantages may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment.Thus, the inventions may be embodied or carried out in a manner thatachieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught orsuggested herein without necessarily achieving other advantages as maybe taught or suggested herein.

These and other embodiments of the inventions will become apparent tothose skilled in the art from the following detailed description ofexemplary embodiments having reference to the attached figures, theinventions not being limited to any particular preferred embodiment(s)disclosed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Certain preferred embodiments and modifications thereof will becomeapparent to those skilled in the art from the detailed descriptionherein having reference to the figures that follow, of which:

FIG. 1 is a coronal cross-sectional view of an eye;

FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of an anterior chamber angleof the eye of FIG. 1 with a trabecular stent;

FIG. 3 is a schematic and partial sectional view of an eye illustratingan implanted glaucoma stent in accordance with one embodiment of atleast one of the inventions disclosed herein;

FIG. 4 is a side elevational view of the stent of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a top plan view of the stent of FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 is a bottom plan view of the stent of FIG. 3;

FIG. 7 is a front elevational view of the stent of FIG. 3 (along line7-7 of FIG. 4);

FIG. 8 is a rear elevational view of the stent of FIG. 3 (along line 8-8of FIG. 4);

FIG. 9 is an enlarged top plan view of a forward end of the stent ofFIG. 3;

FIG. 10 is a top plan view of a modification of an inlet end of thestent of FIG. 3;

FIG. 11 is a top plan view of another modification of the inlet end ofthe stent of FIG. 3;

FIG. 12 is a top plan view of yet another modification of the inlet endof the stent of FIG. 3;

FIG. 13 is a top plan view of still another modification of the inletend of the stent of FIG. 3;

FIG. 14 is schematic and partial sectional view of an eye illustrating amodification of the implanted glaucoma stent of FIG. 3;

FIG. 15 is a schematic and partial sectional view of an eye illustratinga further modification of the implanted glaucoma stent of FIG. 3;

FIG. 16 is a side elevational view of yet another modification of theglaucoma stent of FIG. 3;

FIG. 17 is a top plan view of the stent of FIG. 16;

FIG. 18 is a bottom plan view of the stent of FIG. 16;

FIG. 19 is a front elevational view along line 19-19 of FIG. 16;

FIG. 20 is a rear elevational view along line 20-20 of FIG. 16;

FIG. 21 is a side elevation view of still another modification of theglaucoma stent of FIG. 3;

FIG. 22 is a top plan view of the stent of FIG. 21;

FIG. 23 is a bottom plan view of the stent of FIG. 21;

FIG. 24 is a front elevational view along line 24-24 of FIG. 21;

FIG. 25 is a rear elevational view along line 25-25 of FIG. 21;

FIG. 26 is a front elevational view of a modification of the glaucomastent illustrated in FIG. 3;

FIG. 27 is a right side elevational view of the stents illustrated inFIG. 26 as viewed along the line 27-27;

FIG. 28 is a right side elevational view of the glaucoma stentillustrated in FIG. 26, as viewed along the line 28-28;

FIG. 29 is a schematic and partial sectional view of an eye illustratinga temporal implantation of a glaucoma stent using a delivery apparatushaving features and advantages in accordance with at least one of theinventions disclosed herein;

FIG. 30 is an oblique elevational view of an articulating arm stentdelivery/retrieval apparatus having features and advantages inaccordance with an embodiment of at least one of the inventionsdisclosed herein;

FIG. 31 is a schematic and partial sectional view of a portion of an eyeand illustrating an implantation of a glaucoma stent using a deliveryapparatus extending through the anterior chamber of the eye;

FIG. 32 is a schematic and partial sectional view of a Schlemm's canaland trabecular meshwork of an eye with another glaucoma stent extendingfrom the anterior chamber of the eye, through the trabecular meshwork,and into a rear wall of the Schlemm's canal;

FIG. 33 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a distal portion of thestent illustrated in FIG. 32;

FIG. 34 is a schematic and partial sectional view of the eye of FIG. 32and a side elevational view of a modification of the stent illustratedin FIG. 32;

FIG. 35 is a schematic and partial sectional view of the eye illustratedin FIG. 32, and a side elevational view of a photomodification of thestent illustrated in FIG. 32;

FIG. 36 is a schematic and partial sectional view of the eye illustratedin FIG. 32, and a side elevational view of another modification of thestent of FIG. 32;

FIG. 37 is a schematic and partial sectional view of the eye illustratedin FIG. 32, and a side elevational view of a further modification of theimplant illustrated in FIG. 32;

FIG. 38 is a schematic and partial sectional view of the eye illustratedin FIG. 32 and a side elevational view of another modification of thestent illustrated in FIG. 32;

FIG. 39 is a schematic and partial sectional view of the eye illustratedin FIG. 32, and a side elevational view of the further modification ofthe implant illustrated in FIG. 32;

FIG. 40 is a schematic and partial sectional view of the eye illustratedin FIG. 32, and a side elevational view of yet another modification ofthe stent illustrated in FIG. 32;

FIG. 41 is a schematic and partial sectional view of an eye and the sideelevational view of yet another modification of the stent illustrated inFIG. 32;

FIG. 42 is a schematic and partial sectional view of the eye illustratedin FIG. 32, and a side elevational view of yet another modification ofthe implant illustrated in FIG. 32;

FIG. 43 is an enlarged schematic and partial cross-sectional view of ananterior chamber angle of an eye having a valve stent implanted therein;

FIG. 44 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of an anterior chamber angleof an eye including an osmotic membrane device implanted therein;

FIG. 45 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of an anterior chamber angleof an eye illustrating an implantation of a glaucoma stent using an abexterno procedure;

FIG. 46 is a schematic and partial sectional view of the eye illustratedin FIG. 32 and a side elevational view of another modification of theimplant illustrated in FIG. 32;

FIG. 47 is an enlarged schematic and partial sectional view of the eyeillustrated in FIG. 32 and including a drug release device implantedtherein;

FIG. 48 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for treating glaucoma;

FIG. 49A is an enlarged schematic illustration showing an anteriorchamber, trabecular meshwork and a Schlemm's canal of an eye and anoblique elevational view of yet another modification of the stentillustrated in FIG. 32;

FIG. 49B is an oblique elevational view of a modification of the stentillustrated in FIG. 49A;

FIG. 49C is a side elevational view of another modification of the stentillustrated in FIG. 49A;

FIG. 50A is a cross-sectional view of the eye portion showinganatomically the trabecular meshwork, Schlemm's canal and one collectorduct;

FIG. 50B is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 50A with a portion of a stentmechanically inserted into one of the collector ducts;

FIG. 51A is a side elevational view of a stent delivery applicator witha steerable distal section for multiple stent deployment;

FIG. 51B is a schematic and partial sectional view of the distal sectionof the stent delivery applicator of FIG. 51A;

FIG. 51C is a cross-sectional view, section 1-1 of FIG. 51B;

FIG. 51D is an oblique side elevational view of the steerable section ofthe delivery applicator illustrated in FIG. 51A and including anoptional ultrasonically enabled distal end;

FIG. 52A is a partial sectional and side elevational view of a distalsection of a modification of the stent delivery applicator illustratedin FIG. 51A;

FIG. 52B is a partial sectional and side elevational view of a distalsection of the stent delivery applicator illustrated in FIG. 51A havingbeen inserted through a trabecular meshwork with the stent disposedwithin the distal section;

FIG. 52C is a partial sectional and side elevational view of a distalsection of the stent delivery applicator illustrated in FIG. 51A havingbeen inserted through a trabecular meshwork and after the sheath of thedistal portion has been withdrawn;

FIG. 52D is a partial sectional and side elevational view of a distalsection of the stent delivery applicator illustrated in FIG. 51A havingbeen inserted through a trabecular meshwork, and after the sheath and acutting member have been withdrawn;

FIG. 53 is an oblique side elevational and partial sectional view of afurther modification of the stent illustrated in FIG. 32;

FIG. 54A is a sectional view of yet another modification of the stentdelivery applicator illustrated in FIG. 51A;

FIG. 54B is an enlarged sectional view of a distal end of the applicatorillustrated in FIG. 54A and including two implants disposed over atrocar of the device, this portion being identified by the circle 2-2 inFIG. 54A;

FIG. 54C is a sectional view of the applicator device taken alongsection line 3-3 of FIG. 54A;

FIGS. 55 A-C show multiple views of an embodiment of a trabecular stent.

FIGS. 56 A-B show multiple views of another embodiment of a trabecularstent;

FIGS. 57 A-B show multiple views of a trabecular stent having a modifiedcenter bulb with anchors;

FIGS. 58 A-B show multiple views of another embodiment of a trabecularstent;

FIGS. 59 A-C show multiple views of another embodiment of a trabecularstent;

FIGS. 60 A-B show multiple views of another embodiment of a trabecularstent with scleral anchors;

FIGS. 61 A-B show multiple views of another embodiment of a trabecularstent with scleral anchors;

FIGS. 62 A-B show multiple views of a trabecular stent with screws;

FIGS. 63 A-B show multiple views of another embodiment of a trabecularstent;

FIGS. 64 A-B show a dual blade mushroom stent and its associated trocardelivery system;

FIG. 65 shows a perspective view of a G2 injector;

FIG. 66 shows a top view of the G2 injector of FIG. 65;

FIG. 67 shows a side cross-sectional view of a G2 injector stem, showingsolid trocar portion;

FIGS. 68 A-C show three modes of a side cross-sectional view of a G2injector stem, showing irrigating trocar portion;

FIG. 69 shows two modes of the G2 injector (A) in the cockedorientation; (B) in the deployed orientation;

FIGS. 70 A and B show two pusher tube locations of the button geometry;

FIG. 71 shows a schematic of effective shorting of a pusher tube in theG2 injector; and

FIG. 72 illustrates where the pusher-tube resides when the G2 injectoris cocked.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

The preferred embodiments described herein relate particularly tosurgical and therapeutic treatment of glaucoma through reduction ofintraocular pressure and/or stimulation of the trabecular meshworktissue. While the description sets forth various embodiment-specificdetails, it will be appreciated that the description is illustrativeonly and should not be construed in any way as limiting the inventionsdisclosed herein. Furthermore, various applications of the inventionsdisclosed herein, and modifications thereto, which may occur to thosewho are skilled in the art, are also encompassed by the general conceptsdescribed herein.

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an eye 10. FIG. 2 is an enlargedsectional view of the eye showing the relative anatomical locations of atrabecular meshwork 21, an anterior chamber 20, and a Schlemm's canal22. A sclera 11 is a thick collagenous tissue which covers the entireeye 10 except a portion which is covered by a cornea 12.

With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, the cornea 12 is a thin transparenttissue that focuses and transmits light into the eye and through a pupil14, which is a circular hole in the center of an iris 13 (coloredportion of the eye). The cornea 12 merges into the sclera 11 at ajuncture referred to as a limbus 15. A ciliary body 16 extends along theinterior of the sclera 11 and is coextensive with a choroid 17. Thechoroid 17 is a vascular layer of the eye 10, located between the sclera11 and a retina 18. An optic nerve 19 transmits visual information tothe brain and is the anatomic structure that is progressively destroyedby glaucoma.

With continued reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, the anterior chamber 20 ofthe eye 10, which is bound anteriorly by the cornea 12 and posteriorlyby the iris 13 and a lens 26, is filled with aqueous humor (hereinafterreferred to as “aqueous”). Aqueous is produced primarily by the ciliarybody 16, then moves anteriorly through the pupil 14 and reaches ananterior chamber angle 25, formed between the iris 13 and the cornea 12.

As best illustrated by the drawing of FIG. 2, in a normal eye, aqueousis removed from the anterior chamber 20 through the trabecular meshwork21. Aqueous passes through the trabecular meshwork 21 into Schlemm'scanal 22 and thereafter through a plurality of collector ducts andaqueous veins 23, which merge with blood-carrying veins, and intosystemic venous circulation. Intraocular pressure is maintained by anintricate balance between secretion and outflow of aqueous in the mannerdescribed above. Glaucoma is, in most cases, characterized by anexcessive buildup of aqueous in the anterior chamber 20 which leads toan increase in intraocular pressure. Fluids are relativelyincompressible, and thus intraocular pressure is distributed relativelyuniformly throughout the eye 10.

As shown in FIG. 2, the trabecular meshwork 21 is adjacent a smallportion of the sclera 11. Exterior to the sclera 11 is a conjunctiva 24.Traditional procedures that create a hole or opening for implanting adevice through the tissues of the conjunctiva 24 and sclera 11 involveextensive surgery, as compared to surgery for implanting a device, asdescribed herein, which ultimately resides entirely within the confinesof the sclera 11 and cornea 12. A trabecular stent 229 can be placedbypassing the trabecular meshwork 21 with a proximal terminal 227exposed to anterior chamber 20 and a distal terminal 228 exposed toSchlemm's canal 22.

FIG. 3 schematically illustrates the use of one embodiment of atrabecular stenting device 30 for establishing an outflow pathway,passing through the trabecular meshwork 21, described in greater detailbelow. FIGS. 4-9 are different views of the stent 30. Advantageously,and as discussed in further detail later herein, a self-trephining stentallows a one-step procedure to make an incision in the trabecular mesh21 and place the stent or implant 30 at the desired or predeterminedposition within the eye 10. Desirably, this facilitates and simplifiesthe overall surgical procedure.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 3-9, the shunt or stent 30generally comprises an inlet portion or “snorkel” 32 and a main bodyportion or blade 34. The snorkel 32 and blade 34 are mechanicallyconnected to or in mechanical communication with one another. Agenerally longitudinal axis 36 extends along the stent 30 and/or thebody portion 34.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 3-9, the stent 30 comprises anintegral unit. In modified embodiments, the stent 30 may comprise anassembly of individual pieces or components. For example, the stent 30may comprise an assembly of the snorkel 32 and blade 34.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 3-9, the snorkel 32 is in theform of a generally elongate tubular member and generally comprises anupper seat, head or cap portion 38, a shank portion 40 and a lumen orpassage 42 extending therethrough. The seat 38 is mechanically connectedto or in mechanical communication with the shank 40 which is alsomechanically connected to or in mechanical communication with the blade34. Longitudinal axis 43 extends along the snorkel 32 and/or the lumen42.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 3-9, the seat 38 is generallycircular in shape and has an upper surface 44 and a lower surface 46which, as shown in FIG. 3, abuts or rests against the trabecularmeshwork 21 to stabilize the glaucoma stent 30 within the eye 10. Inmodified embodiments, the seat 38 may efficaciously be shaped in othersuitable manners, as required or desired, giving due consideration tothe goals of stabilizing the glaucoma stent 30 within the eye 10 and/orof achieving one or more of the benefits and advantages as taught orsuggested herein. For example, the seat 38 may be shaped in otherpolygonal or non-polygonal shapes and/or comprise one or more ridgeswhich extend radially outwards, among other suitable retention devices.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 3-9, and as best seen in the topview of FIG. 5, the seat top surface 44 comprises fiducial marks orindicia 48. These marks or indicia 48 facilitate and ensure properorientation and alignment of the stent 30 when implanted in the eye 10.The marks or indicia 48 may comprise visual differentiation means suchas color contrast or be in the form of ribs, grooves, or the like.Alternatively, or in addition, the marks 48 may provide tactile sensoryfeedback to the surgeon by incorporating a radiopaque detectable orultrasound imaginable substrate at about the mark 48. Also, the seat 38and/or the seat top surface 44 may be configured in predetermined shapesaligned with the blade 34 and/or longitudinal axis 36 to provide forproper orientation of the stent device 30 within the eye 10. Forexample, the seat top surface 44 may be oval or ellipsoidal (FIG. 10),rectangular (FIG. 11), hexagonal (FIG. 12), among other suitable shapes(e.g. FIG. 13).

In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 3-9, and as indicated above, theseat bottom surface 46 abuts or rests against the trabecular meshwork 21to stabilize and retain the glaucoma stent 30 within the eye 10. Forstabilization purposes, the seat bottom surface 46 may comprise astubbed surface, a ribbed surface, a surface with pillars, a texturedsurface, or the like.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 3-9, the snorkel shank 40 isgenerally cylindrical in shape. With the stent 30 implanted, as shown inFIG. 3, the shank 40 is generally positioned in an incision or cavity 50formed in the trabecular meshwork 21 by the self-trephining stent 30.Advantageously, and as discussed further below, this single step offorming the cavity 50 by the stent 30 itself and placing the stent 30 inthe desired position facilitates and expedites the overall surgicalprocedure. In modified embodiments, the snorkel shank 40 mayefficaciously be shaped in other suitable manners, as required ordesired. For example, the shank 40 may be in the shape of otherpolygonal or non-polygonal shapes, such as, oval, ellipsoidal, and thelike.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 3-9, and as best seen in FIG. 3,the shank 40 has an outer surface 52 in contact with the trabecularmeshwork 21 surrounding the cavity 50. For stabilization purposes, theshank outer surface 52 may comprise a stubbed surface, a ribbed surface,a surface with pillars, a textured surface, or the like.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 3-9, the snorkel lumen 42 has aninlet port, opening or orifice 54 at the seat top surface 44 and anoutlet port, opening or orifice 56 at the junction of the shank 40 andblade 34. The lumen 42 is generally cylindrical in shape, that is, ithas a generally circular cross-section, and its ports 54, 56 aregenerally circular in shape. In modified embodiments, the lumen 42 andports 54, 56 may be efficaciously shaped in other manners, as requiredor desired, giving due consideration to the goals of providingsufficient aqueous outflow and/or of achieving one or more of thebenefits and advantages as taught or suggested herein. For example, thelumen 42 and/or one or both ports 54, 56 may be shaped in the form ofovals, ellipsoids, and the like, or the lumen 42 may have a tapered orstepped configuration.

Referring in particular to FIG. 3, aqueous from the anterior chamber 20flows into the lumen 42 through the inlet port 54 (as generallyindicated by arrow 58) and out of the outlet port 56 and into Schlemm'scanal 22 (as generally indicated by arrows 60) to lower and/or balancethe intraocular pressure (IOP). In another embodiment, as discussed infurther detail below, one or more of the outlet ports may be configuredto face in the general direction of the stent longitudinal axis 36. Inmodified embodiments, the snorkel 32 may comprise more than one lumen,as needed or desired, to facilitate multiple aqueous outflowtransportation into Schlemm's canal 22.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 3-9, the blade longitudinal axis36 and the snorkel longitudinal axis 43 are generally perpendicular toone another. Stated differently, the projections of the axes 36, 43 on acommon plane which is not perpendicular to either of the axes 36, 43intersect at 90°. The blade longitudinal axis 36 and the snorkellongitudinal axis 43 may intersect one another or may be offset from oneanother.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 3-9, the main body portion orblade 34 is a generally curved elongated sheet- or plate-like structurewith an upper curved surface 62 and a lower curved surface 64 whichdefines a trough or open face channel 66. The perimeter of the blade 34is generally defined by a curved proximal edge 68 proximate to thesnorkel 32, a curved distal edge 70 spaced from the proximal edge 68 bya pair of generally straight lateral edges 72, 74. The first lateraledge 72 extends beyond the second lateral edge 74 and intersects withthe distal edge 70 at a distal-most point 76 of the blade 34.Preferably, the blade 34 defines a blade cutting tip 78.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 3-9, and as shown in the enlargedview of FIG. 9, the cutting tip 78 comprises a first cutting edge 80 onthe distal edge 70 and a second cutting edge 82 on the lateral edge 72.The cutting edges 80, 82 preferably extend from the distal-most point 76of the blade 34 and comprise at least a respective portion of the distaledge 70 and lateral edge 72. The respective cutting edges 80, 82 areformed at the sharp edges of respective beveled or tapered surfaces 84,86. In one embodiment, the remainder of the distal edge 70 and lateraledge 72 are dull or rounded. In one embodiment, the tip 78 proximate tothe distal-most end 76 is curved slightly inwards, as indicatedgenerally by the arrow 88 in FIG. 5 and arrow 88 (pointed perpendicularand into the plane of the paper) in FIG. 9, relative to the adjacentcurvature of the blade 34.

In modified embodiments, suitable cutting edges may be provided onselected portions of one or more selected blade edges 68, 70, 72, 74with efficacy, as needed or desired, giving due consideration to thegoals of providing suitable cutting means on the stent 30 foreffectively cutting through the trabecular meshwork 21 (FIG. 3) and/orof achieving one or more of the benefits and advantages as taught orsuggested herein.

Referring in particular to FIG. 9, in one embodiment, the ratio betweenthe lengths of the cutting edges 80, 82 is about 2:1. In anotherembodiment, the ratio between the lengths of the cutting edges 80, 82 isabout 1:1. In yet another embodiment, the ratio between the lengths ofthe cutting edges 80, 82 is about 1:2. In modified embodiments, thelengths of the cutting edges 80, 82 may be efficaciously selected inother manners, as required or desired, giving due consideration to thegoals of providing suitable cutting means on the stent 30 foreffectively cutting through the trabecular meshwork 21 (FIG. 3) and/orof achieving one or more of the benefits and advantages as taught orsuggested herein.

Still referring in particular to FIG. 9, in one embodiment, the ratiobetween the lengths of the cutting edges 80, 82 is in the range fromabout 2:1 to about 1:2. In another embodiment, the ratio between thelengths of the cutting edges 80, 82 is in the range from about 5:1 toabout 1:5. In yet another embodiment, the ratio between the lengths ofthe cutting edges 80, 82 is in the range from about 10:1 to about 1:10.In modified embodiments, the lengths of the cutting edges 80, 82 may beefficaciously selected in other manners, as required or desired, givingdue consideration to the goals of providing suitable cutting means onthe stent 30 for effectively cutting through the trabecular meshwork 21(FIG. 3) and/or of achieving one or more of the benefits and advantagesas taught or suggested herein.

As shown in the top view of FIG. 9, the cutting edge 80 (and/or thedistal end 70) and the cutting edge 82 (and/or the lateral edge 72)intersect at an angle θ. Stated differently, θ is the angle between theprojections of the cutting edge 80 (and/or the distal end 70) and thecutting edge 82 (and/or the lateral edge 72) on a common plane which isnot perpendicular to either of these edges.

Referring to in particular to FIG. 9, in one embodiment, the angle θ isabout 50°. In another embodiment, the angle θ is in the range from about40° to about 60°. In yet another embodiment, the angle θ is in the rangefrom about 30° to about 70°. In modified embodiments, the angle θ may beefficaciously selected in other manners, as required or desired, givingdue consideration to the goals of providing suitable cutting means onthe stent 30 for effectively cutting through the trabecular meshwork 21(FIG. 3) and/or of achieving one or more of the benefits and advantagesas taught or suggested herein.

The stent 30 of the embodiments disclosed herein can be dimensioned in awide variety of manners. Referring in particular to FIG. 3, the depth ofSchlemm's canal 22 is typically about less than 400 microns (μm).Accordingly, the stunt blade 34 is dimensioned so that the height of theblade 34 (referred to as H₄₁ in FIG. 4) is typically less than about 400μm. The snorkel shank 40 is dimensioned so that it has a length(referred to as L₄₁ in FIG. 4) typically in the range from about 150 μmto about 400 μm which is roughly the typical range of the thickness ofthe trabecular meshwork 21.

Of course, as the skilled artisan will appreciate, that with the stent30 implanted, the blade 34 may rest at any suitable position withinSchlemm's canal 22. For example, the blade 34 may be adjacent to a frontwall 90 of Schlemm's canal 22 (as shown in FIG. 3), or adjacent to aback wall 92 of Schlemm's canal 22, or at some intermediate locationtherebetween, as needed or desired. Also, the snorkel shank 40 mayextend into Schlemm's canal 22. The length of the snorkel shank 40and/or the dimensions of the blade 34 may be efficaciously adjusted toachieve the desired implant positioning.

The trabecular stenting device 30 (FIGS. 3-9) of the exemplaryembodiment may be manufactured or fabricated by a wide variety oftechniques. These include, without limitation, molding, thermo-forming,or other micro-machining techniques, among other suitable techniques.

The trabecular stenting device 30 preferably comprises a biocompatiblematerial such that inflammation arising due to irritation between theouter surface of the device 30 and the surrounding tissue is minimized.Biocompatible materials which may be used for the device 30 preferablyinclude, but are not limited to, titanium, titanium alloys, medicalgrade silicone, e.g., SILASTIC™, available from Dow Corning Corporationof Midland, Mich.; and polyurethane, e.g., PELLETHANE™, also availablefrom Dow Corning Corporation.

In other embodiments, the stent device 30 may comprise other types ofbiocompatible material, such as, by way of example, polyvinyl alcohol,polyvinyl pyrolidone, collagen, heparinized collagen,polytetrafluoroethylene, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinatedpolymer, fluorinated elastomer, flexible fused silica, polyolefin,polyester, polysilicon, and/or a mixture of the aforementionedbiocompatible materials, and the like. In still other embodiments,composite biocompatible material may be used, wherein a surface materialmay be used in addition to one or more of the aforementioned materials.For example, such a surface material may include polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) (such as TEFLON™), polyimide, hydrogel, heparin, therapeuticdrugs (such as beta-adrenergic antagonists and other anti-glaucomadrugs, or antibiotics), and the like.

In an exemplary embodiment of the trabecular meshwork surgery, thepatient is placed in the supine position, prepped, draped andanesthetized as necessary. A small (less than about 1 mm) incision,which may be self sealing can then be made through the cornea 12. Thecorneal incision can be made in a number of ways, for example, by usinga micro-knife, among other tools.

An applicator or delivery apparatus is used to advance the glaucomastent 30 through the corneal incision and to the trabecular meshwork 21.Some embodiments of such a delivery apparatus are disclosed in U.S.application Ser. No. 10/101,548, filed Mar. 18, 2002, entitledAPPLICATOR AND METHODS FOR PLACING A TRABECULAR SHUNT FOR GLAUCOMATREATMENT, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/276,609, filed Mar.16, 2001, entitled APPLICATOR AND METHODS FOR PLACING A TRABECULAR SHUNTFOR GLAUCOMA TREATMENT, the entire contents of each one of which arehereby incorporated by reference herein. Some embodiments of a deliveryapparatus are also described in further detail below. Gonioscopic,microscopic, or endoscopic guidance can be used during the trabecularmeshwork surgery.

With the device 30 held by the delivery apparatus, the blade 34 of thedevice 30 is used to cut and/or displace the material of the trabecularmeshwork 21. The snorkel shank 40 can also facilitate in removal of thismaterial during implantation. The delivery apparatus is withdrawn oncethe device 30 has been implanted in the eye 10. As shown in FIG. 3, thesnorkel seat 38 can rest on a top surface 94 of the trabecular meshwork21 with the snorkel shank 40 extending through the cavity 50 (created bythe device 30) in the trabecular meshwork 21, and with the blade 34extending inside Schlemm's canal 22.

Advantageously, the embodiments of the self-trephining stent device 30allow for a “one-step” procedure to make an incision in the trabecularmeshwork and to implant the stent in the proper orientation andalignment within the eye to allow outflow of aqueous from the anteriorchamber through the stent and into Schlemm's canal to lower and/orbalance the intraocular pressure (IOP). Desirably, this provides for afaster, safer, and less expensive surgical procedure.

Many complications can arise in trabecular meshwork surgeries, wherein aknife is first used to create an incision in the trabecular meshwork,followed by removal of the knife and subsequent installation of thestent. For instance, the knife may cause some bleeding which clouds upthe surgical site. This may require more effort and time to clean thesurgical site prior to placement of the stent. Moreover, this may causethe intraocular pressure (IOP) to rise or to fall undesirably. Thus,undesirably, such a multiple step procedure may demand crisis managementwhich slows down the surgery, makes it less safe, and more expensive.

FIG. 14 is a simplified partial view of an eye 10 illustrating theimplantation of a self-trephining glaucoma stent device 30 a havingfeatures and advantages in accordance with one embodiment. The stent 30a is generally similar to the stent 30 of FIGS. 3-9 except that itssnorkel 32 a comprises a longer shank 40 a which extends into Schlemm'scanal 22 and a lumen 42 a which bifurcates into two output channels 45a.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 14, the shank 40 a terminates atthe blade 34. Aqueous flows from the anterior chamber 20 into the lumen42 a through an inlet port 54 a (as generally indicated by arrow 58 a).Aqueous then flows through the output channels 45 a and out ofrespective outlet ports 56 a and into Schlemm's canal 22 (as generallyindicated by arrows 60 a). The outlet channels 45 a extend radiallyoutwards in generally opposed directions and the outlet ports 56 a areconfigured to face in the general direction of the stent longitudinalaxis 36 so that they open into Schlemm's canal 22 and are in properorientation to allow aqueous outflow into Schlemm's canal 22 forlowering and/or balancing the intraocular pressure (IOP). As indicatedabove, fiducial marks or indicia and/or predetermined shapes of thesnorkel seat 38 allow for proper orientation of the blade 34 and alsothe output channels 45 a and respective ports 56 a within Schlemm'scanal.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 14, two outflow channels 45 a areprovided. In another embodiment, only one outflow channel 45 a isprovided. In yet another embodiment, more than two outflow channels 45 aare provided. In modified embodiments, the lumen 42 a may extend all theway through to the blade 34 and provide an outlet port as discussedabove with reference to the embodiment of FIGS. 3-9.

FIG. 15 is a simplified partial view of an eye 10 illustrating theimplantation of a self-trephining glaucoma stent device 30 b havingfeatures and advantages in accordance with one embodiment. The stent 30b is generally similar to the stent 30 of FIGS. 3-9 except that itssnorkel 32 b comprises a longer shank 40 b which extends into Schlemm'scanal 22 and a lumen 42 b which bifurcates into two output channels 45b.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 15, the shank 40 b extends throughthe blade 34. Aqueous flows from the anterior chamber 20 into the lumen42 b through an inlet port 54 b (as generally indicated by arrow 58 b).Aqueous then flows through the output channels 45 b and out ofrespective outlet ports 56 b and into Schlemm's canal 22 (as generallyindicated by arrows 60 b). The outlet channels 45 b extend radiallyoutwards in generally opposed directions and the outlet ports 56 b areconfigured to face in the general direction of the stent longitudinalaxis 36 so that they open into Schlemm's canal 22 and are in properorientation to allow aqueous outflow into Schlemm's canal 22 forlowering and/or balancing the intraocular pressure (IOP). As indicatedabove, fiducial marks or indicia and/or predetermined shapes of thesnorkel seat 38 allow for proper orientation of the blade 34 and alsothe output channels 45 b and respective ports 56 b within Schlemm'scanal.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 15, two outflow channels 45 b areprovided. In another embodiment, only one outflow channel 45 b isprovided. In yet another embodiment, more than two outflow channels 45 bare provided. In modified embodiments, the lumen 42 b may extend all theway through to the blade 34 and provide an outlet port as discussedabove with reference to the embodiment of FIGS. 3-9.

FIGS. 16-20 show different views of a self-trephining glaucoma stentdevice 30 c having features and advantages in accordance with oneembodiment. The stent 30 c is generally similar to the stent 30 of FIGS.3-9 except that it has a modified blade configuration. The stent 30 ccomprises a blade 34 c which is a generally curved elongated sheet- orplate-like structure with an upper curved surface 62 c and a lowercurved surface 64 c which defines a trough or open face channel 66 c.The perimeter of the blade 34 c is generally defined by a curvedproximal edge 68 c proximate to the snorkel 32, a curved distal edge 70c spaced from the proximal edge 68 c by a pair of generally straightlateral edges 72 c, 74 c which are generally parallel to one another andhave about the same length.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 16-20, the blade 34 c comprises acutting tip 78 c. The cutting tip 78 c preferably includes cutting edgesformed on selected portions of the distal edge 70 c and adjacentportions of the lateral edges 72 c, 74 c for cutting through thetrabecular meshwork for placement of the snorkel 32. The cutting edgesare sharp edges of beveled or tapered surfaces as discussed above inreference to FIG. 9. The embodiment of FIGS. 16-20 may be efficaciouslymodified to incorporate the snorkel configuration of the embodiments ofFIGS. 14 and 15.

FIGS. 21-25 show different views of a self-trephining glaucoma stentdevice 30 d having features and advantages in accordance with oneembodiment. The stent 30 d is generally similar to the stent 30 of FIGS.3-9 except that it has a modified blade configuration. The stent 30 dcomprises a blade 34 d which is a generally curved elongated sheet- orplate-like structure with an upper curved surface 62 d and a lowercurved surface 64 d which defines a trough or open face channel 66 d.The perimeter of the blade 34 d is generally defined by a curvedproximal edge 68 d proximate to the snorkel 32, a pair of inwardlyconverging curved distal edges 70 d′, 70 d″ spaced from the proximaledge 68 d by a pair of generally straight respective lateral edges 72 d,74 d which are generally parallel to one another and have about the samelength. The distal edges 70 d′, 70 d″ intersect at a distal-most point76 d of the blade 34 d proximate a blade cutting tip 78 d.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 21-25, the cutting tip 78 dpreferably includes cutting edges formed on the distal edges 70 d′, 70d″ and extending from the distal-most point 76 d of the blade 34 d. Inone embodiment, the cutting edges extend along only a portion ofrespective distal edges 70 d′, 70 d.″ In another embodiment, the cuttingedges extend along substantially the entire length of respective distaledges 70 d′, 70 d.″ In yet another embodiment, at least portions of thelateral edges 72 d, 74 d proximate to respective distal edges 70 d′, 70d″ have cutting edges. In a further embodiment, the tip 78 d proximateto the distal-most end 76 d is curved slightly inwards, as indicatedgenerally by the arrow 88 d in FIG. 21 and arrow 88 d (pointedperpendicular and into the plane of the paper) in FIG. 22, relative tothe adjacent curvature of the blade 34 d.

In the embodiment of FIGS. 21-25, the cutting edges are sharp edges ofbeveled or tapered surfaces as discussed above in reference to FIG. 9.The embodiment of FIGS. 21-25 may be efficaciously modified toincorporate the snorkel configuration of the embodiments of FIGS. 14 and15.

FIGS. 26-28 show different views of a self-trephining glaucoma stentdevice 30 e having features and advantages in accordance with oneembodiment. The stent device 30 e generally comprises a snorkel 32 emechanically connected to or in mechanical communication with a blade orcutting tip 34 e. The snorkel 32 e has a seat, head or cap portion 38 emechanically connected to or in mechanical communication with a shank 40e, as discussed above. The shank 40 e has a distal end or base 47 e. Thesnorkel 32 e further has a lumen 42 e which bifurcates into a pair ofoutlet channels 45 e, as discussed above in connection with FIGS. 14 and15. Other lumen and inlet and outlet port configurations as taught orsuggested herein may also be efficaciously used, as needed or desired.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 26-28, the blade 34 e extendsdownwardly and outwardly from the shank distal end 47 e. The blade 34 eis angled relative to a generally longitudinal axis 43 e of the snorkel32 e, as best seen in FIGS. 27 and 28. The blade 34 e has a distal-mostpoint 76 e. The blade or cutting tip 34 e has a pair of side edges 70e′, 70 e,″ including cutting edges, terminating at the distal-most point76 e, as best seen in FIG. 26. In one embodiment, the cutting edges aresharp edges of beveled or tapered surfaces as discussed above inreference to FIG. 9.

Referring to FIGS. 26-28, in one embodiment, the blade 34 e includescutting edges formed on the edges 70 e′, 70 e″ and extending from thedistal-most point 76 e of the blade 34 d. In one embodiment, the cuttingedges extend along only a portion of respective distal edges 70 e′, 70e.″ In another embodiment, the cutting edges extend along substantiallythe entire length of respective distal edges 70 e′, 70 e.″ In yetanother embodiment, the blade or cutting tip 34 e comprises a bent tipof needle, for example, a 30 gauge needle.

In general, any of the blade configurations disclosed herein may be usedin conjunction with any of the snorkel configurations disclosed hereinor incorporated by reference herein to provide a self-trephiningglaucoma stent device for making an incision in the trabecular meshworkfor receiving the corresponding snorkel to provide a pathway for aqueousoutflow from the eye anterior chamber to Schlemm's canal, therebyeffectively lowering and/or balancing the intraocular pressure (IOP).The self-trephining ability of the device, advantageously, allows for a“one-step” procedure in which the incision and placement of the snorkelare accomplished by a single device and operation. In any of theembodiments, fiducial markings or indicia, and/or preselectedconfiguration of the snorkel seat, and/or positioning of the stentdevice in a preloaded applicator may be used for proper orientation andalignment of the device during implantation.

In many cases, a surgeon works from a temporal incision when performingcataract or goniometry surgery. FIG. 29 illustrates a temporal implantprocedure, wherein a delivery apparatus or “applicator” 100 having acurved tip 102 is used to deliver a stent 30 to a temporal side 27 ofthe eye 10. An incision 28 is made in the cornea 10, as discussed above.The apparatus 100 is then used to introduce the stent 30 through theincision 28 and implant it within the eye 10.

Still referring in particular to FIG. 29, in one embodiment, a similarlycurved instrument would be used to make the incision through thetrabecular meshwork 21. In other embodiments, a self-trephining stentdevice 30 may be used to make this incision through the trabecularmeshwork 21, as discussed above. The temporal implantation procedureillustrated in FIG. 29 may be employed with the any of the various stentembodiments taught or suggested herein.

FIG. 30 illustrates one embodiment of an apparatus comprising anarticulating stent applicator or retrieval device 100 a. In thisembodiment, a proximal arm 106 is attached to a distal arm 108 at ajoint 112. This joint 112 is movable such that an angle formed betweenthe proximal arm 106 and the distal arm 108 can change. One or moreclaws 114 can extend from the distal arm 108, in the case of a stentretrieval device. Similarly, this articulation mechanism may be used forthe trabecular stent applicator, and thus the articulating applicator orretrieval device 100 a may be either an applicator for the trabecularstent, a retrieval device, or both, in various embodiments. Theembodiment of FIG. 30 may be employed with the any of the various stentembodiments taught or suggested herein.

FIG. 31 shows another illustrative method for placing any of the variousstent embodiments taught or suggested herein at the implant site withinthe eye 10. A delivery apparatus 100 b generally comprises a syringeportion 116 and a cannula portion 118. The distal section of the cannula118 has at least one irrigating hole 120 and a distal space 122 forholding the stent device 30. The proximal end 124 of the lumen of thedistal space 122 is sealed from the remaining lumen of the cannulaportion 118. The delivery apparatus of FIG. 30 may be employed with theany of the various stent embodiments taught or suggested herein.

In one embodiment of the invention, a delivery apparatus (or“applicator”) is used for placing a trabecular stent through atrabecular meshwork of an eye. Certain embodiments of such a deliveryapparatus are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/101,548, filedMar. 18, 2002, entitled APPLICATOR AND METHODS FOR PLACING A TRABECULARSHUNT FOR GLAUCOMA TREATMENT, and U.S. Provisional Application No.60/276,609, filed Mar. 16, 2001, entitled APPLICATOR AND METHODS FORPLACING A TRABECULAR SHUNT FOR GLAUCOMA TREATMENT.

The stent has an inlet section and an outlet section. The deliveryapparatus includes a handpiece, an elongate tip, a holder and anactuator. The handpiece has a distal end and a proximal end. Theelongate tip is connected to the distal end of the handpiece. Theelongate tip has a distal portion and is configured to be placed througha corneal incision and into an anterior chamber of the eye. The holderis attached to the distal portion of the elongate tip. The holder isconfigured to hold and release the inlet section of the trabecularstent. The actuator is on the handpiece and actuates the holder torelease the inlet section of the trabecular stent from the holder. Whenthe trabecular stent is deployed from the delivery apparatus into theeye, the outlet section is positioned in substantially oppositedirections inside Schlemm's canal. In one embodiment, a deploymentmechanism within the delivery apparatus includes a push-pull typeplunger.

In some embodiments, the holder comprises a clamp. In some embodiments,the apparatus further comprises a spring within the handpiece that isconfigured to be loaded when the stent is being held by the holder, thespring being at least partially unloaded upon actuating the actuator,allowing for release of the stent from the holder.

In various embodiments, the clamp comprises a plurality of clawsconfigured to exert a clamping force onto the inlet section of thestent. The holder may also comprise a plurality of flanges.

In some embodiments, the distal portion of the elongate tip is made of aflexible material. This can be a flexible wire. The distal portion canhave a deflection range, preferably of about 45 degrees from the longaxis of the handpiece. The delivery apparatus can further comprise anirrigation port in the elongate tip.

Some embodiments include a method of placing a trabecular stent througha trabecular meshwork of an eye, the stent having an inlet section andan outlet section, including advancing a delivery apparatus holding thetrabecular stent through an anterior chamber of the eye and into thetrabecular meshwork, placing part of the stent through the trabecularmeshwork and into a Schlemm's canal of the eye; and releasing the stentfrom the delivery apparatus.

In some embodiments, the method includes using a delivery apparatus thatcomprises a handpiece having a distal end and a proximal end and anelongate tip connected to the distal end of the handpiece. The elongatetip has a distal portion and being configured to be placed through acorneal incision and into an anterior chamber of the eye. The apparatusfurther has a holder attached to the distal portion of the elongate tip,the holder being configured to hold and release the inlet section of thetrabecular stent, and an actuator on the handpiece that actuates theholder to release the inlet section of the trabecular stent from theholder.

In one embodiment, the trabecular stent is removably attached to adelivery apparatus (also known as “applicator”). When the trabecularstent is deployed from the delivery apparatus into the eye, the outletsection is positioned in substantially opposite directions insideSchlemm's canal. In one embodiment, a deployment mechanism within thedelivery apparatus includes a push-pull type plunger. In someembodiments, the delivery applicator may be a guidewire, an expandablebasket, an inflatable balloon, or the like.

Screw/Barb Anchored Stent

FIGS. 32 and 33 illustrate a glaucoma stent device 30 f having featuresand advantages in accordance with one embodiment. This embodiment of thetrabecular stent 30 f includes a barbed or threaded screw-like extensionor pin 126 with barbs 128 for anchoring. The barbed pin 126 extends froma distal or base portion 130 of the stent 30 f.

In use, the stent 30 f (FIG. 32) is advanced through the trabecularmeshwork 21 and across Schlemm's canal 22. The barbed (or threaded)extension 126 penetrates into the back wall 92 of Schlemm's canal 22 upto the shoulder or base 130 that then rests on the back wall 92 of thecanal 22. The combination of a shoulder 130 and a barbed pin 126 of aparticular length limits the penetration depth of the barbed pin 126 toa predetermined or preselected distance. In one embodiment, the lengthof the pin 126 is about 0.5 mm or less. Advantageously, this barbedconfiguration provides a secure anchoring of the stent 30 f. Asdiscussed above, correct orientation of the stent 30 f is ensured byappropriate fiducial marks, indicia or the like and by positioning ofthe stent in a preloaded applicator.

Referring to FIG. 32, the aqueous flows from the anterior chamber 20,through the lumen 42 f, then out through two side-ports 56 f to bedirected in both directions along Schlemm's canal 22. Alternatively,flow could be directed in only one direction through a single side-port56 f. In other embodiments, more then two outlet ports 56 f, forexample, six to eight ports (like a pin wheel configuration), may beefficaciously used, as needed or desired.

Still referring to FIG. 32, in one embodiment, the stent 30 f isinserted through a previously made incision in the trabecular meshwork21. In other embodiments, the stent 30 f may be combined with any of theblade configurations taught or suggested herein to provideself-trephining capability. In these cases, the incision through thetrabecular meshwork 21 is made by the self-trephining stent device whichhas a blade at its base or proximate to the base.

Deeply Threaded Stent

FIG. 34 illustrates a glaucoma stent device 30 g having features andadvantages in accordance with one embodiment. The stent 30 g has a heador seat 38 g and a shank or main body portion 40 g with a base or distalend 132. This embodiment of the trabecular stent 30 g includes a deepthread 134 (with threads 136) on the main body 40 g of the stent 30 gbelow the head 38 g. The threads may or may not extend all the way tothe base 132.

In use, the stent 30 g (FIG. 34) is advanced through the meshwork 21through a rotating motion, as with a conventional screw. Advantageously,the deep threads 136 provide retention and stabilization of the stent 30g in the trabecular meshwork 21.

Referring to FIG. 34, the aqueous flows from the anterior chamber 20,through the lumen 42 g, then out through two side-ports 56 g to bedirected in both directions along Schlemm's canal 22. Alternatively,flow could be directed in only one direction through a single side-port56 g. In other embodiments, more then two outlet ports 56 g may beefficaciously used, as needed or desired.

One suitable applicator or delivery apparatus for this stent 30 g (FIG.34) includes a preset rotation, for example, via a wound torsion springor the like. The rotation is initiated by a release trigger on theapplicator. A final twist of the applicator by the surgeon andobservation of suitable fiducial marks, indicia or the like ensureproper alignment of the side ports 56 g with Schlemm's canal 22.

Referring to FIG. 34, in one embodiment, the stent 30 g is insertedthrough a previously made incision in the trabecular meshwork 21. Inother embodiments, the stent 30 g may be combined with any of the bladeconfigurations taught or suggested herein to provide self-trephiningcapability. In these cases, the incision through the trabecular meshwork21 is made by the self-trephining stent device which has a blade at itsbase or proximate to the base.

Rivet Style Stent

FIG. 35 illustrates a glaucoma stent device 30 h having features andadvantages in accordance with one embodiment. The stent has a base ordistal end 138. This embodiment of the trabecular stent 30 h has a pairof flexible ribs 140. In the unused state, the ribs are initiallygenerally straight (that is, extend in the general direction of arrow142).

Referring to FIG. 35, upon insertion of the stent 30 h through thetrabecular meshwork 21, the ends 144 of respective ribs 140 of the stent30 h come to rest on the back wall 92 of Schlemm's canal 22. Furtheradvancement of the stent 30 h causes the ribs 140 to deform to the bentshape as shown in the drawing of FIG. 35. The ribs 140 are designed tofirst buckle near the base 138 of the stent 30 h. Then the bucklingpoint moves up the ribs 140 as the shank part 40 h of the stent 30 h isfurther advanced through the trabecular meshwork 21.

The lumen 42 h (FIG. 35) in the stent 30 h is a simple straight hole.The aqueous flows from the anterior chamber 20, through the lumen 42 h,then out around the ribs 140 to the collector channels further alongSchlemm's canal 22 in either direction.

Referring to FIG. 35, in one embodiment, the stent 30 h is insertedthrough a previously made incision in the trabecular meshwork 21. Inother embodiments, the stent 30 h may be combined with any of the bladeconfigurations taught or suggested herein to provide self-trephiningcapability. In these cases, the incision through the trabecular meshwork21 is made by the self-trephining stent device which has a blade at itsbase or proximate to the base.

Grommet Style Stent

FIG. 36 illustrates a glaucoma stent device 30 i having features andadvantages in accordance with one embodiment. This embodiment of thetrabecular stent 30 i includes a head or seat 38 i, a tapered baseportion 146 and an intermediate narrower waist portion or shank 40 i.

In use, the stent 30 i (FIG. 36) is advanced through the trabecularmeshwork 21 and the base 146 is pushed into Schlemm's canal 22. Thestent 30 i is pushed slightly further, if necessary, until the meshwork21 stretched by the tapered base 146 relaxes back and then contracts toengage the smaller diameter portion waist 40 i of the stent 30 i.Advantageously, the combination of the larger diameter head or seat 38 iand base 146 of the stent 30 i constrains undesirable stent movement. Asdiscussed above, correct orientation of the stent 30 i is ensured byappropriate fiducial marks, indicia or the like and by positioning ofthe stent in a preloaded applicator.

Referring to FIG. 36, the aqueous flows from the anterior chamber 20,through the lumen 42 i, then out through two side-ports 56 i to bedirected in both directions along Schlemm's canal 22. Alternatively,flow could be directed in only one direction through a single side-port56 i. In other embodiments, more then two outlet ports 56 i may beefficaciously used, as needed or desired.

Still referring to FIG. 36, in one embodiment, the stent 30 i isinserted through a previously made incision in the trabecular meshwork21. In other embodiments, the stent 30 i may be combined with any of theblade configurations taught or suggested herein to provideself-trephining capability. In these cases, the incision through thetrabecular meshwork 21 is made by the self-trephining stent device whichhas a blade at its base or proximate to the base.

Biointeractive Stent

FIG. 37 illustrates a glaucoma stent device 30 j having features andadvantages in accordance with one embodiment. This embodiment of thetrabecular stent 30 j utilizes a region of biointeractive material 148that provides a site for the trabecular meshwork 21 to firmly grip thestent 30 j by ingrowth of the tissue into the biointeractive material148. As shown in FIG. 37, preferably the biointeractive layer 148 isapplied to those surfaces of the stent 30 j which would abut against orcome in contact with the trabecular meshwork 21.

In one embodiment, the biointeractive layer 148 (FIG. 37) may be aregion of enhanced porosity with a growth promoting chemical. In oneembodiment, a type of bio-glue 150 that dissolves over time is used tohold the stent secure during the time between insertion and sufficientingrowth for stabilization. As discussed above, correct orientation ofthe stent 30 j is ensured by appropriate fiducial marks, indicia or thelike and by positioning of the stent in a preloaded applicator.

Referring to FIG. 37, the aqueous flows from the anterior chamber 20,through the lumen 42 j, then out through two side-ports 56 j to bedirected in both directions along Schlemm's canal 22. Alternatively,flow could be directed in only one direction through a single side-port56 j. In other embodiments, more then two outlet ports 56 j may beefficaciously used, as needed or desired.

Still referring to FIG. 37, in one embodiment, the stent 30 j isinserted through a previously made incision in the trabecular meshwork21. In other embodiments, the stent 30 j may be combined with any of theblade configurations taught or suggested herein to provideself-trephining capability. In these cases, the incision through thetrabecular meshwork 21 is made by the self-trephining stent device whichhas a blade at its base or proximate to the base.

Glued or Welded Stent

FIG. 38 illustrates a glaucoma stent device 30 k having features andadvantages in accordance with one embodiment. This embodiment of thetrabecular stent 30 k is secured in place by using a permanent(non-dissolving) bio-glue 152 or a “welding” process (e.g. heat) to forma weld 152. The stent 30 k has a head or seat 38 k and a lower surface46 k.

The stent 30 k is advanced through the trabecular meshwork 21 until thehead or seat 38 k comes to rest on the trabecular meshwork 21, that is,the head lower surface 46 k abuts against the trabecular meshwork 21,and the glue or weld 152 is applied or formed therebetween, as shown inFIG. 38. As discussed above, correct orientation of the stent 30 k isensured by appropriate fiducial marks, indicia or the like and bypositioning of the stent in a preloaded applicator.

Referring to FIG. 38, the aqueous flows from the anterior chamber 20,through the lumen 42 k, then out through two side-ports 56 k to bedirected in both directions along Schlemm's canal 22. Alternatively,flow could be directed in only one direction through a single side-port56 k. In other embodiments, more then two outlet ports 56 k may beefficaciously used, as needed or desired.

Still referring to FIG. 38, in one embodiment, the stent 30 k isinserted through a previously made incision in the trabecular meshwork21. In other embodiments, the stent 30 k may be combined with any of theblade configurations taught or suggested herein to provideself-trephining capability. In these cases, the incision through thetrabecular meshwork 21 is made by the self-trephining stent device whichhas a blade at its base or proximate to the base.

Hydrophilic Latching Stent

FIG. 39 illustrates a glaucoma stent device 30 m having features andadvantages in accordance with one embodiment. This embodiment of thetrabecular stent 30 m is fabricated from a hydrophilic material thatexpands with absorption of water. Desirably, this would enable thedevice 30 m to be inserted through a smaller incision in the trabecularmeshwork 21. The subsequent expansion (illustrated by the smaller arrows154) of the stent 30 m would advantageously enable it to latch in placein the trabecular meshwork 21. As discussed above, correct orientationof the stent 30 m is ensured by appropriate fiducial marks, indicia orthe like and by positioning of the stent in a preloaded applicator.

Referring to FIG. 39, the aqueous flows from the anterior chamber 20,through the lumen 42 m, then out through two side-ports 56 m to bedirected in both directions along Schlemm's canal 22. Alternatively,flow could be directed in only one direction through a single side-port56 m. In other embodiments, more then two outlet ports 56 m may beefficaciously used, as needed or desired.

Still referring to FIG. 39, in one embodiment, the stent 30 m isinserted through a previously made incision in the trabecular meshwork21. In other embodiments, the stent 30 m may be combined with any of theblade configurations taught or suggested herein to provideself-trephining capability. In these cases, the incision through thetrabecular meshwork 21 is made by the self-trephining stent device whichhas a blade at its base or proximate to the base.

Photodynamic Stent

FIG. 40 illustrates a glaucoma stent device 30 n having features andadvantages in accordance with one embodiment. This embodiment of thetrabecular stent 30 n is fabricated from a photodynamic material thatexpands on exposure to light.

It is commonly known that there is a diurnal variation in the aqueoushumor production by the eye—it is higher during the day than it is atnight. The lumen 42 n of the stent 30 n responds to light entering thecornea during the day by expanding and allowing higher flow of aqueousthrough the lumen 42 n and into Schlemm's canal 22. This expansion isgenerally indicated by the smaller arrows 156 (FIG. 40) which show thelumen 42 n (and ports) expanding or opening in response to lightstimulus. (The light or radiation energy E is generally given by E=hν,where h is Planck's constant and ν is the frequency of the lightprovided.) At night, in darkness, the lumen diameter decreases andreduces the flow allowed through the lumen 42 n. In one embodiment, anexcitation wavelength that is different from that commonly encounteredis provided on an as-needed basis to provide higher flow of aqueous toSchlemm's canal 22.

This photodynamic implementation is shown in FIG. 40 for theself-latching style of stent 30 n, but can be efficaciously used withany of the other stent embodiments, as needed or desired. As discussedabove, correct orientation of the stent 30 n is ensured by appropriatefiducial marks, indicia or the like and by positioning of the stent in apreloaded applicator.

Referring to FIG. 40, the aqueous flows from the anterior chamber 20,through the lumen 42 n, then out through two side-ports 56 n to bedirected in both directions along Schlemm's canal 22. Alternatively,flow could be directed in only one direction through a single side-port56 n. In other embodiments, more then two outlet ports 56 n may beefficaciously used, as needed or desired.

Still referring to FIG. 40, in one embodiment, the stent 30 n isinserted through a previously made incision in the trabecular meshwork21. In other embodiments, the stent 30 n may be combined with any of theblade configurations taught or suggested herein to provideself-trephining capability. In these cases, the incision through thetrabecular meshwork 21 is made by the self-trephining stent device whichhas a blade at its base or proximate to the base.

Collector Channel Alignment Stent

FIG. 41 illustrates a glaucoma stent device 30 p having features andadvantages in accordance with one embodiment. This figure depicts anembodiment of a stent 30 p that directs aqueous from the anteriorchamber 20 directly into a collector channel 29 which empties intoaqueous veins. The stent 30 p has a base or distal end 160.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 41, a removable alignment pin 158is utilized to align the stent lumen 42 p with the collector channel 29.In use, the pin 158 extends through the stent lumen 42 p and protrudesthrough the base 160 and extends into the collector channel 29 to centerand/or align the stent 30 p over the collector channel 29. The stent 30p is then pressed firmly against the back wall 92 of Schlemm's canal 22.A permanent bio-glue 162 is used between the stent base and the backwall 92 of Schlemm's canal 22 to seat and securely hold the stent 30 pin place. Once positioned, the pin 158 is withdrawn from the lumen 42 pto allow the aqueous to flow directly from the anterior chamber 20 intothe collector duct 29. The collector ducts are nominally 20 to 100micrometers (μm) in diameter and are visualized with a suitablemicroscopy method (such as ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM)) or laserimaging to provide guidance for placement of the stent 30 p.

Referring to FIG. 41, in one embodiment, the stent 30 p is insertedthrough a previously made incision in the trabecular meshwork 21. Inother embodiments, the stent 30 p may be combined with any of the bladeconfigurations taught or suggested herein to provide self-trephiningcapability. In these cases, the incision through the trabecular meshwork21 is made by the self-trephining stent device which has a blade at itsbase or proximate to the base.

Barbed Stent (Anterior Chamber to Collector Channel)

FIG. 42 illustrates a glaucoma stent device 30 q having features andadvantages in accordance with one embodiment. This figure depicts anembodiment of a stent 30 q that directs aqueous from the anteriorchamber 20 directly into a collector channel 29 which empties intoaqueous veins. The stent 30 q has a base or distal end 166 and thechannel 29 has wall(s) 164.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 42, a barbed, small-diameterextension or pin 168 on the stent base 166 is guided into the collectorchannel 29 and anchors on the wall(s) 164 of the channel 29. The pin 168has barbs 170 which advantageously provide anchoring of the stent 30 q.The collector ducts 29 are nominally 20 to 100 micrometers (μm) indiameter and are visualized with a suitable microscopy method (such asultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM)) or laser imaging to provide guidance forplacement of the stent.

Referring to FIG. 42, in one embodiment, the stent 30 q is insertedthrough a previously made incision in the trabecular meshwork 21. Inother embodiments, the stent 30 q may be combined with any of the bladeconfigurations taught or suggested herein to provide self-trephiningcapability. In these cases, the incision through the trabecular meshwork21 is made by the self-trephining stent device which has a blade at itsbase or proximate to the base.

Valved Tube Stent (Anterior Chamber to Choroid)

FIG. 43 illustrates a valved tube stent device 30 r having features andadvantages in accordance with one embodiment. This is an embodiment of astent 30 r that provides a channel for flow between the anterior chamber20 and the highly vascular choroid 17. Clinically, the choroid 17 can beat pressures lower than those desired for the eye 10. Therefore, thisstent 30 r includes a valve with an opening pressure equal to thedesired pressure difference between the choroid 17 and the anteriorchamber 10 or a constriction that provide the desired pressure drop.

Osmotic Membrane (Anterior Chamber to Choroid)

FIG. 44 illustrates an osmotic membrane device 30 s having features andadvantages in accordance with one embodiment. This embodiment provides achannel for flow between the anterior chamber 20 and the highly vascularchoroid 17. The osmotic membrane 30 s is used to replace a portion ofthe endothelial layer of the choroid 17. Since the choroid 17 is highlyvascular with blood vessels, the concentration of water on the choroidside is lower than in the anterior chamber 20 of the eye 10. Therefore,the osmotic gradient drives water from the anterior chamber 20 into thechoroid 17.

Clinically, the choroid 17 (FIG. 44) can be at pressures lower thanthose desired for the eye 10. Therefore, desirably, both osmoticpressure and the physical pressure gradient are in favor of flow intothe choroid 17. Flow control is provided by proper sizing of the area ofthe membrane, the larger the membrane area is the larger the flow ratewill be. This advantageously enables tailoring to tune the flow to thedesired physiological rates.

Ab Externo Insertion of Stent via Small Puncture

FIG. 45 illustrates the implantation of a stent 30 t using an ab externoprocedure having features and advantages in accordance with oneembodiment. In the ab externo procedure of FIG. 45, the stent 30 t isinserted into Schlemm's canal 21 with the aid of an applicator ordelivery apparatus 100 c that creates a small puncture into the eye 10from outside.

Referring to FIG. 45, the stent 30 t is housed in the applicator 100 c,and pushed out of the applicator 100 c once the applicator tip is inposition within the trabecular meshwork 21. Since the tissue surroundingthe trabecular meshwork 21 is optically opaque, an imaging technique,such as ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) or a laser imaging technique, isutilized. The imaging provides guidance for the insertion of theapplicator tip and the deployment of the stent 30 t. This technique canbe used with a large variety of stent embodiments with slightmodifications since the trabecular meshwork 21 is punctured from thescleral side rather than the anterior chamber side in the ab externoinsertion.

Ab Externo Grommet-Style Stent

FIG. 46 illustrates a glaucoma stent device 30 u having features andadvantages in accordance with a modified embodiment. This grommet-stylestent 30 u for ab externo insertion is a modification of the embodimentof FIG. 36. In the embodiment of FIG. 46, the upper part or head 38 u istapered while the lower part or base 172 is flat, as opposed to theembodiment of FIG. 36. The stent 30 u is inserted from the outside ofthe eye 10 through a puncture in the sclera. Many of the otherembodiments of stents taught or suggested herein can be modified forsimilar implantation.

This ultra microscopic device 30 u (FIG. 46) can be used with (1) atargeting Lasik-type laser, with (2) contact on eyes, with (3) combinedultrasound microscope, or with (4) other device inserter handpiece.

Targeted Drug Delivery to the Trabecular Meshwork

FIG. 47 illustrates a targeted drug delivery implant 30 v havingfeatures and advantages in accordance with one embodiment. This drawingis a depiction of a targeted drug delivery concept. The slow releaseimplant 30 v is implanted within the trabecular meshwork 21.

A drug that is designed to target the trabecular meshwork 21 to increaseits porosity, or improve the active transport across the endotheliallayer of Schlemm's canal 22 can be stored in this small implant 30 v(FIG. 47). Advantageously, slow release of the drug promotes the desiredphysiology at minimal dosage levels since the drug is released into thevery structure that it is designed to modify.

Dose Response

The programmed (also know as “Targeted”) stent placement refers to theintentional placement of a stent or stents at a particular location orlocations in Schlemm's canal for the purpose of providing a benefit inthe form of more optimal outflow. For example, a method can be providedwhich includes assessing the aqueous flow characteristics of an eye.Such characteristics can include, for example, but without limitation,collector channel distribution, collector channel flow characteristics,outflow resistance, outflow capacity, shape/size/tortuosity of Schlemm'scanal, and other factors). The method can also include determining anoptimal stent placement and implanting stents in one or plurality ofpositions and procedures. For example, the determination of the desiredstent placement can include consideration of a database of cadaveranatomy regarding the number and location of collector channels, thepatient's micro-anatomy data, the number of stents to be used, the typeof stents to be used, the location of any previously implanted stentswhether the desired stent is drug-loaded, gene-loaded or surfacetreated, and/or any associated drug therapy.

FIG. 48 includes a flow diagram illustrating a decision tree fordetermining desired stent placement. In the illustrated embodiment,after it is determined that a patient is suffering from excess ofintraocular pressure (IOP), a bypass flow model is determined to aid inthe decision of whether or not to use single or multiple stents.Optionally, the configuration of collector channels in the patient's eyecan be met to aid in the creation of a bypass flow model. Further, otherinformation can be used, such as, for example, but without limitation,outflow resistance, aqueous production, and venous pressure.

The bypass flow model, which can be based on the above-notedinformation, is determined so as to provide a desired strategy forlowering the excessive intraocular pressure. If it is decided that asingle stent should be used, an optimized stent location is firstdetermined based on the bypass flow model. The implantation of thesingle stent results in reduced IOP. After this implantation, it isagain determined if there is a need for further reduction in IOP. Ifadditional IOP reduction is desired, then a further bypass flow model iscreated. For example, the second bypass flow model can be determined inthe same or similar manner as the first bypass flow model describedabove. In light of the second bypass flow model, an additional stent canbe implanted at an optimized location to further reduce IOP.

If it is determined, in light of the first bypass flow model, thatmultiple stents should be used, the location of the multiple stents isfirst optimized. Then, the multiple stents are implanted. Afterwards, itis again determined if additional intraocular pressure reduction isneeded, and the trimming can continue as noted above.

Multiple Stent Application and Further Stent Designs

Where additional stents are implanted in light of the second bypass flowmodel, the additional stents can be different from the first stentsimplanted. For example, where single or multiple stents are implanted inaccordance with the first bypass flow model, the additional stents canbe of a different type. For example, in one embodiment, the first stentis a G1 (First generation) trabecular stent that has been disclosed inapplications incorporated by reference and the second stent is the sameG1 trabecular stent. In another embodiment, the second stent isdifferent from the first stent; for example, the second stent is a G2stent (that is, “injectable axisymmetric stent,” a second generationstent). In still another embodiment, the second stent is smaller than(in some case, larger than) the first stent. The dose response may alsorelate to the stent configuration or characteristics such asdrug-loading or surface treatment enabling enhancing aqueous transportor therapeutic effects on the tissue as needed. Drug-loaded ordrug-eluting stent may comprise different type of drugs including, butnot limited to, those cited in U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/046,137 filed Nov. 8, 2001, entitled DRUG RELEASING TRABECULARIMPLANT FOR GLAUCOMA TREATMENT.

With reference to FIG. 49A, a stent extending between an anteriorchamber 20 of an eye, through the trabecular meshwork 21, and intoSchlemm's canal 22 of an eye can be configured to be axisymmetric withrespect to the flow of aqueous therethrough. For example, as shown inFIG. 49A, the stent 229A comprises an inlet end 230 configured to bedisposed in the anterior chamber 20. The second end 231 of the stent229A is configured to be disposed in Schlemm's canal 22.

At least one lumen 239 extends through the stent 229A between the inletand outlet ends 230, 232. The lumen 239 defines an opening 232 at theinlet end 230 as well as an outlet 233 at the outlet end 231.

In the illustrated embodiment, an exterior surface 238 of the stent 229Ais cone-shaped. Thus, a circumference of the exterior surface 238adjacent to the inlet end 230 is smaller than the circumference of theouter surface 238 at the outlet end 231.

With the stent 229A extending through the trabecular meshwork 21, thetissue of the trabecular meshwork 221 provides additional anchoringforce for retaining the stent 229A with its inlet end 230 in theanterior chamber and its outlet end 231 in Schlemm's canal. For example,the trabecular meshwork 21 would naturally tend to close an apertureoccupied by the stent 229A. As such, the trabecular meshwork 221 wouldtend to squeeze the stent 229A. Because the exterior surface 238 isconical, the squeezing force applied by the trabecular meshwork 221would tend to draw the stent 229A towards Schlemm's canal 22. In theillustrated embodiment, the stent 229A is sized such that a portion 234of the stent 229 adjacent to the inlet end 230 remains in the anteriorchamber 20 while a portion 235 of the stent 229 adjacent to the outletend 231 remains in Schlemm's canal 22.

In the illustrated embodiment, the outer surface 238 of the stent 229Ais straight. Alternatively, the outer surface 238 can have othercontours such as, for example, but without limitation curved or stepped.In one embodiment, the outer surface 238 can be curved in a concavemanner so as to produce a trumpet-like shape. Alternatively, the outersurface 238 can be convex.

The stent 229A preferably includes one or plurality of posts or legs 236configured to maintain a space between the outlet opening 233 and a wallof Schlemm's canal 22. As such, the legs 236 prevent a wall of Schlemm'scanal from completely closing off the outlet opening 233 of the stent229A. In the illustrated embodiment, the legs 236 are coupled to thedistal-most surface of the stent 229A and are substantially parallel toan implant axis extending through the stent 229A and between theanterior chamber 20 and Schlemm's canal 22.

This arrangement of the legs 236 and the outlet 233 imparts anaxisymmetric flow characteristic to the stent 229A. For example, aqueouscan flow from the outlet 233 in any direction. Thus, the stent 229A canbe implanted into Schlemm's canal at any angular position relative toits implant axis. Thus, it is not necessary to determine the angularorientation of the stent 229A prior to implantation, nor is it necessaryto preserve a particular orientation during an implantation procedure.

FIG. 49B illustrates a modification of the stent 229A, identifiedgenerally by the reference numeral 229B. In this embodiment, the stent229B includes a flange 237 extending radially from the portion 234.Preferably, the flange 237 is configured to retain the first portion 234within the anterior chamber 20. It is to be recognized that althoughgenerally, aqueous will flow from the anterior chamber 20 towardsSchlemm's canal 22, the stent 229A, 229B or any of the above-describedstents as well as other stents described below, can provide foromni-directional flow of aqueous.

FIG. 49C illustrates another modification of the stent 229A, identifiedgenerally by the reference numeral 229C. In this embodiment, the outersurface 238C is not conical. Rather, the outer surface 238C iscylindrical. The stent 229C includes a flange 240 that can be the samesize and shape as the flange 237. The legs 236C extend from the flange240.

Constructed as such, the natural tendency of the tissue of thetrabecular meshwork 21 to close the hole in which the stent 229C isdisposed, aids in anchoring the stent 229C in place. Additionally, thelegs 236C aid in preventing the walls of Schlemm's canal from completelyclosing the outlet 233C of the lumen 239C.

Device for Mechanically Distending Collector Duct

FIG. 50A is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the eye 10showing, anatomically, the trabecular meshwork 21, Schlemm's canal 22,and a collector duct 23 in a natural state. FIG. 50B shows a stent 229Cextending into and thereby distending the collector duct 23.

The collector duct 23 has an inner diameter identified generally by thereference numeral D1, when in a relaxed or natural state. Because thecollector duct 23 is not typically perfectly round, the diameter D1 cancorrespond to an “equivalent” diameter. As used herein, the equivalentdiameter can be determined by dividing the circumference of the innersurface of the collector duct 23 by π.

The stent 229D is sized to extend from the anterior chamber 20 and intothe collector duct 23. Thus, in the illustrated embodiment, the stent229D includes an upstream end portion 230D and a downstream end portion243.

The upstream portion 230D is configured to open into the anteriorchamber 20. The stent 229D is sized so as to extend from the anteriorchamber 20 and into the collector duct 23. In the illustratedembodiment, the stent 229D is sized so as to extend from the anteriorchamber 20, through the trabecular meshwork 21, through a portion ofSchlemm's canal 22, and into the collector duct 23. However, it isconceived that the stent 229D could bypass Schlemm's canal 22 and extenddirectly into a portion of the collector duct 23 downstream fromSchlemm's canal 22.

The downstream end portion 243 can have an outer diameter D2 that islarger that the diameter D1. Preferably, the end potion 243 is sized andconfigured for easy insertion into a collect duct 23 without injuringthe tissue or tissue surface of the collector duct 23. Thus, when theend portion 243 is disposed in the collector duct 23, the collector duct23 is distended, i.e., enlarged. As such, the resistance against theoutflow of aqueous provided by the collector duct 23 in its naturalstate can be reduced, thereby reducing IOP.

Preferably, the end portion 243 has a diameter D2 substantially largerthan the equivalent diameter D1 of the duct 23 so as to deform thecollector duct beyond its elastic threshold into plastic deformationregion. As such, the collector duct 23 can aid in anchoring the stent229D in place.

Applicator for Multiple Stent Implantation and Further Stents

FIG. 51A is a perspective view of a stent delivery applicator 201configured for multiple stent deployment. The delivery applicator 201comprises an injection sheath 246 defining a stent lumen 249, a distalstent-holding section 259, and a handle 205.

The handle 205 includes an outer surface preferably configured to begrasped by a human hand. Additionally, the handle can comprise a stentdelivery button 203. By way of example, the stent delivery button 203 isconfigured to cause a stent discharge mechanism to discharge, from theapplicator sheath 246, one stent at a time. The applicator 201 can beconfigured to store and discharge a plurality of any combination of thestents 229, 30, 30 a, 30 b, 30 c, 30 d, 30 e, 30 f, 30 g, 30 h, 30 i, 30j, 30 k, 30 m, 30 n, 30 p, 30 q, 30 r, 30 s, 30 t, 30 u, 30 v, 229A,229B, 229C, and 229D described above and further embodiments andcombinations thereof described hereafter, the additional stentsdescribed below, or any other ocular stent or implant. In theillustrated embodiment, the applicator 201 is loaded with a plurality ofthe stents 229C.

The applicator 201 can include other features as well, for example, butwithout limitation, an optional connector 209 for connecting to anexternal ultrasound power source, a fluid infusing port 204 for fluidinfusion or viscocanolostomy, and a steering mechanism control device202 configured to control the steering of a steerable section 251 of theapplicator 201.

The steerable section 251 can be configured to deflect the distalstent-holding section 259 about at least one axis. Optionally, thesteerable section 251 can configured to deflect the distal stent-holdingsection 259 about at least two axes, one axis being substantiallyperpendicular to the other. Thus, the portion of the sheath 246 whichdefines part of the steerable section 251 is flexible. Generally,similar steering mechanisms for deflecting a portion of an medicaldevice, such as endoscopes, are well-known in the art.

With reference to FIG. 51B, in the illustrated embodiment, the steeringactuator 202 is connected to a plurality of pulling wires 256A, 256B.The wires 256A, 256B have distal portions 253A, 253B, respectively,disposed distally from the handle 205. The end 252A of the distal wireportion 253A of the first pulling wire 256A is attached to one side ofan inner surface of the sheath 246. The second pulling wire 256B has itsend 252B of the distal wire portion 253B attached to the opposite sideof the inner surface of the sheath 246. The wire ends 252A and 252B aredisposed within the steerable distal section 251.

With reference to FIG. 51C, a relatively rigid guide 254 is disposed inthe lumen at an appropriate location proximal to the wire ends 252A,252B. The guide is configured to guide the pull wires 256A, 256B suchthat the sheath 246 is deflected when the pull wires 256A, 256B arepulled. In the illustrated embodiment, the guide 254 is in the form of aplate member.

The guide 254 can include holes 255A, 255B through which the pullingwires 253A, 253B extend. The guide 254 and the points at which the wireends 252A, 25B are spaced. As such, when the pull wires 253A, 253B arepulled by actuation of the steering actuator 202, the distal end of thesheath 246 is deflected. For example, as shown in FIG. 51D, when thewire 256A is pulled, the sheath deflects from Position I to Position II.

As noted above, the delivery apparatus 201 can be configured todischarge a plurality of stents, one at a time, for implantation. In theillustrated embodiment, as shown in FIG. 51B, the delivery apparatus 201includes a plunger 244 connected with the stent delivery button 203. Theplunger 244 can comprise one or a plurality of plunger bodies that arejoined at the distal plunger end 244B. The distal plunger end 244B has agenerally round configuration and smooth surface adapted for evenlypushing a stent, such as the stent 229C, out of the sheath during adeployment phase of an implantation procedure.

As noted above, the sheath 246 defines a lumen 249 having a plunger 244.A space between the plunger 244 and the distal end 242 is reserved forstoring a plurality of stents. The sheath 246 includes at least oneholding member 245 for each stent 229C stored therein. The holdingmembers 245 are configured to retain the stents 229C in place duringstorage and use, and to allow the stents 229C to pass when the stent229C is pushed by the plunger 244.

In the illustrated embodiment, the sheath 146 includes a row of aplurality of holding members 245 upstream and downstream from each stent229C stored in the sheath 246. Thus, each stent 229C is prevented fromunintentionally moving in the upstream and downstream directions.

FIG. 51B illustrates two stents 229C being stored in the sheath 246.However, it is conceived that the sheath 246 and holding members 245 canbe configured to hold one, three, or more stents 229C within thestent-holding distal end 259.

The holding member 245 can be a wire configured to exerted a force tohold the stents 229C in place during storage and use, until the plunger244 is moved to discharge a stent 229C from the end 242. For example,the wire can be made from a spring metal, an elastically deformableplastic, or other material, sized and shaped to retain the stents 229Cduring storage, and to allow the stents 229C to pass under a force thatcan be generated by or applied to the plunger 244, toward the end 242.In the illustrated embodiment, the wires forming the holding members 245extend generally parallel to and convexly into the lumen 249, and thusdefine stops for preventing unintentional movement of the stents 229C.

Alternatively, the holding members 245 can be in the form of amechanically or electronically actuatable gate. Such a gate can beconfigured to move from a closed position in which the stents 229C areretained in the storage positions, and an open position in which thestents 229C can be moved in the downstream direction. A mechanical gatecan be formed from members that can be moved or deflected radially fromthe inner surface of the lumen 249, under the control of a pull wire(not shown). An electronic gate can also include radially moveable ordeflectable members controlled by an electronic actuator, such as, forexample, but without limitation, solenoids, stepper motors, servomotors, and piezoelectric modules.

Alternatively, piezoelectric modules can be used to form the holdingmembers. For example, small piezoelectric modules can be mounted on theinner surface of the sheath 246 to form stops when in a locked position.The piezoelectric modules can be connected to a power supply withconduits. Thus, when actuated, the piezoelectric modules can contract soas to move to an open position in which the stents 229C can pass.

As noted above, the applicator 201 preferably is configured to eject onestent at a time from the end 242. Thus, the applicator 201 can beconfigured to move the plunger 244 a predetermined distance each timethe button 203 is depressed. For example, the button can be mechanicallyconnected to the plunger 244 so as to move the plunger 244 downstreamthrough the sheath 246 over the predetermined distance. Thepredetermined distance can be, for example, equal to about the length ofthe stent 229C.

Alternatively, the plunger can be driven by an electronic actuator (notshown) configured to eject one stent 229C at a time from the sheath 246.For example, the electronic actuator can be configured to drive theplunger 244 over the predetermined distance each time the button 203 isdepressed. The electronic actuator can be, for example but withoutlimitation, solenoids, stepper motors, servo motors, and piezoelectricmodules. Driver electronics (not shown) can be configured to drive theactuator so as to urge the plunger 244 over the predetermined distance.

Preferably, the end 242 of the sheath 246 is sharpened to define acutting (microtrephining) tip for creating a hole within the trabecularmeshwork 21 for stent placement. Thus, the applicator 201 can be usedfor cutting the trabecular meshwork 21 and for implanting stents.

A further advantage is provided where the applicator includes anillumination feature for illuminating at least a portion of theimplantation site. For example, the illumination feature can beconfigured to generally illuminate the site at which a stent is to beimplanted. Optionally, the illumination feature can be configured togenerate a reticule for aligning the applicator with the desiredimplantation site. In one embodiment, a light source is provided to thetip section 242 of the stent applicator 201 wherein either laser lightis provided for cutting/spotting or fiber optic light is provided forillumination.

For example, but without limitation, the illumination feature cancomprise a small diameter light pipe or optic fiber element configuredto emit a fine point or beam of light and configured to be introducedab-internally. Additionally, the face or lens of the pipe or element canbe configured to be placed against the trabecular meshwork. In oneembodiment, the light pipe or optic fiber is the construct material ofthe sheath 246 of the stent delivery applicator 241A for multiple stentdeployment as shown in FIG. 51B. In another embodiment, the light pipeor optic fiber is snugly inserted within the lumen 249 of the applicatorsheath 246 or over the outer periphery of the applicator sheath 246.Optionally, the illumination device can be configured such that thepoint or beam emitting from the light tube would be highly visible fromthe outside of the eye and serve to guide the implantation of a stent.

As an alternative to including an illumination feature with theapplicator 201, simple non-invasive trans-scleral illumination, if ofthe proper intensity and wavelength, perhaps in a darkened environment,could silhouette the Schlemm's canal, trabecular meshwork, or moreprobably, the scleral spur with sufficient resolution to enableab-externo placement of a device into Schlemm's canal. In this case,blood could be backed up in a retrograde manner into Schlemm's canal bythe surgeon to provide additional optical density. Imaging means for abinternally imaging the anatomic structures for TBS stent implantationusing ultrasound imaging, laser imaging, OCT imaging or multi-wavelengthscanning can also be provided.

A further advantage is provided where the applicator 201 also includesan imaging feature. For example, where the applicator 201 includes animaging feature for transmitting a video representation of animplantation site of a stent to a user of the applicator, animplantation procedure can be further simplified. The imaging featurecan utilize any type of known imaging techniques, including, forexample, but without limitation, optical, and ultrasonic. In oneembodiment, an endoscope is mounted at the tip section 242 of the stentapplicator 201 for visualization during stent deployment and/orimplantation.

FIG. 51D shows one embodiment of the applicator 201 of FIG. 51A havingan ultrasonic imaging system. The illustrated embodiment of the imagingsystem is included on an applicator with a steerable section. However,it is to be noted that the imaging system can be used on an applicatorthat does not have a steerable section.

In one embodiment, the ultrasonic imaging system comprises twoultrasonic probes or transducers 206, 207. The transducers 206, 207 canbe formed from an ultrasound ring or ultrasound tape. Preferably, thetransducers 206, 207 are located adjacent to the distal end 242 of thedelivery apparatus 201. As such, the transducers 206, 207 can move withthe distal end 242 during an implantation procedure.

The ultrasonic transducers 206, 207 are connected by flexible wires (notshown) through the interior void 243 of the apparatus or through withinthe sheath 246 to the connector 209 located at the handle 205 so thatthe ultrasonic signals are directed outwardly and received inwardlyrelative to the transducers 206, 207. For example, one of thetransducers 206, 207 can be configured to emit ultrasonic energy, andthe other can be configured to absorb the reflected portion of theemitted ultrasonic energy and to produce a signal indicative of theabsorbed energy.

In order to enhance the viewing and positioning of the distal end 242 ofthe apparatus, an ultrasonic marker 208, which is visible to ultrasonicenergy, can be mounted at about the distal end 242 of the applicator201. For example, but without limitation, such a marker 208 can be inthe form of one or a plurality of encapsulated air bubbles. In oneillustrative example, the bubble in a marker 208 can be formed byintroducing air by a syringe (not shown) penetrating the wall of thesheath 246 and thereafter sealing the hole created by the syringe withepoxy.

Optionally, a plurality of markers 208 can be disposed in the frontdistal section 259. The markers 208 can be sized and configured to aidin locating and identifying the orientation of the distal end section259. For example, the markers 208 can be located and/or viewed withexternal ultrasonic imaging systems (not shown), such as those commonlyused in similar medical procedures.

A further advantage is provided where the stent delivery applicator 201is both steerable and configured for multiple stent implantation. Assuch, the applicator 201 can be inserted into the anterior chamber 20,through an incision, such as a corneal incision, and multiple stents canthen be implanted at different locations without removing the applicator201 or creating other incisions, described in greater detail below.

FIG. 52A shows another embodiment of the stent delivery distal portion241, identified generally by the reference numeral 241B, and anotherembodiment of a stent, identified generally by the reference numeral229E.

The stent 229E comprises a first (proximal) flange 240E and a second(distal) flange 237E with a plurality of supporting legs or posts 236.The second flange 237E of the stent 229E is configured to be foldable.For example, the first flange 237E can be configured to be elasticallyfoldable toward an upstream direction. As such, the first flange 237Ecan be folded toward an upstream direction, as illustrated in FIG. 52Awhen stored in the sheath 246. Thus, after the first flange 237E hasbeen pushed through the end 242, the first flange 237E can resilientlyunfold. As such, the first flange 237E can provide enhanced anchoringfor the stent 229E when implanted into the trabecular meshwork 21.

A further advantage can be provided where the applicator 201 includes acutting device that can extend through the lumens 239E of the stents229E. For example, as shown in FIG. 52A, a cutting device 250 caninclude a cutting tip 247 and can be configured to extend through thestents 229E during an implantation procedure. As such, the cuttingdevice can being an incision at the center of the site at which thestent 229E is to be inserted through the trabecular meshwork 21. In theillustrated embodiment, the cutting device is in the form of a trocar.

With continued reference to FIG. 52A, the cutting device 250 isconfigured to be moveable axially through the lumen 249 of theapplicator end portion 241B of the sheath 146. Additionally, the cuttingdevice 250 can be moved axially relative to the stent or stents throughwhich it extends.

Another advantage can be provided where the cutting device 250 alsoincludes at least one holding member for holding a stent. For example,the cutting device 250 includes at least one holding device 245,described above with reference to FIG. 51B, can be configured to hold astent at least during an implantation procedure, and to release thestent at the appropriate time.

Preferably, the holding members 245B are arranged to align the sides ofthe cutting tip 247 with the distally facing sides of the flange 237Ewhen the flange 237E is folded. For example, as shown in FIG. 52A, whenthe flange 237E is folded, the distally facing side of the flange 237Eis aligned with the sides of the cutting tip 247, as indicated by thedashed-lines identified by the letter “A.” This alignment can befacilitated by arranging the holding members 245B such that the cuttingdevice 250 extends distally from the flange 237E sufficiently to causethe sides of the cutting tip 247 to become aligned with the flange 237E.As such, the sides of the cutting tip 247 and the distally facing sideof the flange 237E generate a more smooth surface for penetrating thetrabecular meshwork 21 during an implantation procedure.

During operation, the applicator end portion 241B can be pushed intotrabecular meshwork 21, with the flange 237E disposed in Schlemm's canal22, as shown in FIG. 52B. The sheath 246 can then be retracted out ofSchlemm's canal 22, leaving the cutting device 250 and stent 229E inplace (FIG. 52C).

With the sheath 246 retracted, the first flange 237E can unfold, asindicated by the arrows U in FIG. 52C, thereby providing enhancedanchoring of the stent 229E within Schlemm's canal 22 (FIG. 52D).Additionally, the second flange 240E is within the anterior chamber 20.

As shown in FIG. 52D, the cutting device 250 can then be retractedrelative to the applicator end portion 241B and the stent 229E, leavingthe stent 229E in place. Optionally, the cutting device 250 and thesheath 246 can be retracted together.

As noted above, the holding members 245 are configured to limit themovement of the stents 229E relative to the cutting device 250. When thecutting device is retracted, the next stent 229E preferably is movedpassed (in the downstream direction) the holding member 245 that waspreviously between the stents 229E. As such, the next stent 229E can bemoved into position for implantation. Thus, the holding members 245preferably are configured to allow the stent 229E to move toward thecutting tip 247 when the cutting device 250 is retracted. For example,the holding members 245 can be controlled so as to retract when thecutting device 250 is retracted.

With reference to FIG. 53, another embodiment of an axisymmetrictrabecular stenting device is illustrated therein and identifiedgenerally by the reference numeral 229F. For ease of description, butwithout limitation, the stent 229F is described below with reference tocylindrical coordinates of x, r and angle α as shown in FIG. 53.

The stent 229F comprises an inlet (proximal) section having a firstflange 240F, an outlet (distal) section having a second flange 237F anda middle section 284 connecting the inlet section and the outletsection. A lumen 239F of the device 229F is configured to transportaqueous, liquid, or therapeutic agents between the inlet section and theoutlet section. As referred to herein, “therapeutic agent” is intendedto include pharmaceutical agents, drugs, genes, cells, proteins, and/orgrowth factors.

The inlet section of the stent 229F has at least one inlet opening 286and the outlet section comprises at least one outlet opening 287. Afurther advantage is provided where the outlet section 237F includes atleast one opening 287, 288 suitably located for dischargingsubstantially axisymmetrically the aqueous, liquid or therapeuticagents, wherein the opening 287, 288 is in fluid communication with thelumen 285 of the device 281. In the illustrated embodiment, the openings288 extend radially from the lumen 285 and open at the outwardly facingsurface around the periphery of the outlet flange 237F.

In one embodiment of an implantation procedure, Pilocarpine isadministered preoperatively to constrict the pupil to provide maximalprotection of the lens in phakic individuals and to further open theanterior chamber angle to provide a better view of the surgical site.Topical and retrobulbar anesthetic are recommended. A small self-sealingtemporal corneal incision can be made and HEALON® viscoelastic (VE) canbe injected to maintain the anterior chamber.

A microscope can be tilted slightly toward the surgeon and the patient'shead can be rotated away from the surgeon to provide a suitable view ofthe nasal trabecular meshwork using a direct-view gonioscope that isplaced on the eye. The applicator 201 with a preloaded stent, such as,for example, but without limitation, an one or any combination of thestents a plurality of any combination of the stents 229, 30, 30 a, 30 b,30 c, 30 d, 30 e, 30 f, 30 g, 30 h, 30 i, 30 j, 30 k, 30 m, 30 n, 30 p,30 q, 30 r, 30 s, 30 t, 30 u, 30 v, 229A, 229B, 229C, 229D, 229E, 229F,or any of the other stents described below, is advanced through thecorneal wound and across the anterior chamber. The stent is pushedagainst the trabecular meshwork and moved inferiorly to pierce thetrabecular meshwork and guide the stent into Schlemm's canal. Aftersuccessful implantation and release of the stent, the applicator iswithdrawn and the VE is flushed from the eye.

The G2 stent (for example, stent 229F of FIG. 53) can be smaller and ofa significantly different design than the G1 stents, thus allowing it tobe passed through a smaller corneal incision and be implanted with asimple axial motion. Reduced size and simplified surgical motions mayenable implantation of the G2 stent without the use of viscoelastic andtherefore eliminate a significant expendable material cost and the timenecessary to administer and remove it.

Additionally, viscoelastic use in patients undergoing eye surgery cancause post-operative transient IOP spikes that can further damage theremaining glaucoma-compromised retina. Reduced surgical manipulationsreduce the burden on the surgeon and reduce the stimulation andirritation of intraocular tissues. Furthermore, reduction in the cornealincision size raises the possibility that the incision could be made bythe G2 applicator, and could potentially reduce the surgical implantprocedure to an injectable implant procedure. Injectable stent therapyrepresents a potentially superior alternative to both end-stage surgicaltherapy and to patients burdened by the cumulative side effects,complications, and compliance issues associated with drug therapy.

The G2 stent and applicator system are sized, dimensioned and configuredfor placement through trabecular meshwork in an ab interno or ab externoprocedures. FIGS. 54A-C illustrate additional examples of preferred G2stent and applicator embodiments.

FIG. 54A shows yet another embodiment of a stent injector assembly formultiple stent deployment, identified generally by the reference numeral260. The stent injector 260 comprises a housing 261 with a distal cap262 and a distal stent-holding element 263 that is distal from thedistal cap 261. Optionally, at least a portion of the distalstent-holding element 263 can be configured to be steerable with asteering mechanism that can be constructed in accordance with thedescription of the steerable section 251 described above with referenceto FIGS. 51A-D.

The stent-holding element 263 can comprise an elongate member 264 withat least one stent slidably disposed thereon. The elongate member 264can be configured to extend through the lumen of any of the stents 229A,229B, 229C, 229D, 229E, 229F, or any of the other stents describedbelow.

In the illustrated embodiment, the elongate member 264 extends throughthe lumen of stents 229G (FIG. 54B). In one embodiment, the distal stent229G can be the same as the second or proximal stent 229G. In anotherembodiment, the distal stent and the proximal stent are different insize or configuration for placement at different locations. For example,the proximal and distal stents of FIG. 54B can be any combination of thestents 229A, 229B, 229C, 229D, 229E, 229F, and 229G. Additionally, theapplicator 260 can be configured to be loaded with only one, three, ormore stents.

In the illustrated embodiment, the distal flange 237G of the stent 229Gcan be wedge-shaped. For example, the distal end of the flange 237G canhave a smaller diameter than that of the proximal end of the flange237G. As such, the stent 229G can pass more easily through thetrabecular meshwork 21. Additionally, the distally facing surface of theflange 237G can be inclined so as to be aligned with a distal surface ofthe elongate member 264. As noted above with respect to the cuttingmember 250, the elongate member 264 can be in the form of a trocar.

The stent-holding element further comprises a sleeve 265 configured tosupport the elongate member 264. The sleeve 265 (for example, made ofhypo tubing) can be pressed or bonded onto the distal cap 262 to form asleeve-cap subassembly. The elongate member 264 can be configured to beaxially moveable relative to the sleeve 265, as indicated by the arrow266 (FIG. 54C).

The housing 261 can also comprise a tip actuator 267 that has a distalend 268 and a proximal end 269. The elongate member 264 can be press fitor bonded into the distal end portion of the tip actuator 267 to form atip/tip actuator subassembly. In one exemplary but non-limitingembodiment, the elongate member 264 can be a 0.08 mm diameter sharpenedrod made from a hard material, such as a metal.

The tip/tip actuator subassembly is fed through the sleeve-capsubassembly and the cap 262 is screwed onto or bonded with the housing261. The proximal end 269 can include a threaded portion 270 adapted forthreaded engagement with a rotation knob 271 located at the proximal endportion of the housing 261. Thus, the coupling mechanism comprises thetip/tip-actuator subassembly screwed into the rotation knob 271 to forman actuator-knob subassembly.

An interlock arrangement 272 is configured to retain the knob 271 on thehousing 261 and allow the knob 271 to rotate relative to the housing261. The interlock arrangement 272 can include an annular rib disposedon the housing 261 and a groove disposed on the knob 271. A clearance isprovided between the groove and the rib so as to allow the knob 271 torotate freely relative to the housing 261. The knob 271 can be pressedonto the housing 261 and thus spins freely on housing 261 without comingoff because of an interlock arrangement 272.

With reference to FIGS. 54A and 54C, the housing 261 can include a slotline 273 at a location perpendicular to a longitudinal axis 275 of thehousing. One side of the slot line 273 can be drilled through to theopposite side of the housing, thus allowing an anti-rotation pin 274 toextend therethrough.

FIG. 54C shows a top cross-sectional view, identified as section 3-3 ofFIG. 54A, with the anti-rotation pin 274 aligned with the slot 276.During assembly, of the injector 260, the tip actuator 267 is rotateduntil the slot 276 is aligned with the drilled hole adapted for theanti-rotation pin 274 to extend into the drilled hole. The anti-rotationpin 274 is pressed through a first side of housing, through the tipactuator, and through a second opposite side of housing.

In operation, one or more stents are placed over the member 264 andagainst the blunt front end of the sleeve 265. After the injectorapproaches the target site, the elongate member 264 and the first stentare pressed into tissue where implantation is to take place. In an abinterno procedure, the first tissue is the trabecular meshwork facingthe anterior chamber. In an ab externo procedure, the first tissue isthe trabecular meshwork facing Schlemm's canal. Once the first stent isin a proper location, the knob 271 is rotated to withdraw the elongatemember 264, leaving the first stent in place. Stents can be snugly heldonto the tip 264 with a mechanical feature on the elongate member, suchas the holding members 245 described above with reference to FIGS.51A-D. Optionally, the sleeve 265 can include a mechanical feature forholding stents in place. Further viscoelastic material or other meanscan be provided for holding the stents so that stent deployment does notoccur until desired.

After the first stent is implanted, the injector is slightly withdrawnaway from the trabecular meshwork. The tip of the injector is moved andpointed to a second target site without withdrawing the injector fromthe incision on the sclera. This re-positioning of the injector can beaccomplished with a steerable section of the injector 260 noted above.

The term “targeted placement” of trabecular stents refers to theintentional placement of a stent at a particular location in Schlemm'scanal for the purpose of providing a maximum benefit in the form ofmaximum outflow facility. With reference to FIG. 50A, aqueous entersSchlemm's canal 22 through the trabecular meshwork 21 and travels alongthe canal to exit through the collector channels 23. Schlemm's canal isa narrow channel with approximate dimensions of 250 μm×20 μm with a 40mm length (Volume ˜0.2 μl) and it provides measurable resistance to theflow of aqueous. Therefore, placing a stent into Schlemm's canal 22through the trabecular meshwork 21 yields the best improvement inoutflow facility when it is placed near a large collector channel 23 ora group of smaller ones that combine to have a larger hydraulicdiameter. It is one aspect of the present invention to locate/detect themost appropriate collector channel(s) to implant a trabecular shuntingstent adjacent the collector channel(s) 23.

FIGS. 55 A-C show multiple views of an embodiment of a trabecular stentshaped generally as a bee-stinger. The bee-stinger stent 309 isvirtually axisymmetric. Multiple stents can be loaded in a stackedconfiguration within a sleeve of the stent delivery applicator. A trocarpreferably runs axially through the stacked stents. The trocar possessesa sharp tip (that is, piercing member) so that it can penetrate thecornea and the trabecular meshwork. A stent implantation system maycomprise different type of slidable piercing members including, but notlimited to, those cited in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/231,342filed Aug. 28, 2002, entitled GLAUCOMA STENT FOR TREATING GLAUCOMA ANDMETHODS OF USE, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated byreference. Wires 301 (that is, anchoring wires or protrusions) arrayedaround the perimeter of the outflow orifice fold inward as the stent ispushed through the trabecular meshwork or as l loaded in a sheath forapplication. Once inside Schlemm's canal, the wires reassume their opengeometry. In this position, they serve to hold open Schlemm's canal.

Deployment of each stent is achieved either through activation of apiston, plunger or the retraction of the trocar sleeve of theapplicator. Multiple stents can be injected without reloading theapplicator. Pores 302 (that is, fluid outlet ports) arrayed circularlyaround the stent surface provide many outflow paths for aqueous flowthat enters from the inflow orifice 304 through the stent lumen 303(that is, fluid passageway). This design presents several advantages.The wires may help to hold Schlemm's canal open and the multiple poreshelp prevent aqueous clogging. Multiple stent deliveries can be achievedbecause the stent can be stacked in the applicator. Rotationalorientation is not required during implantation as a result ofaxisymmetric stent design. The cylindrical design should simplifymanufacturing process. And the stent can pass through a smaller cornealincision as a result of the stent being crushed during delivery.

In one embodiment, it is contemplated that the wires 301 are insertedinto the back wall of Schlemm's canal and into the sclera to assist inanchoring the stent in place. In this embodiment, the stent and thetrocar are inserted through the trabecular meshwork and into a portionof the sclera beyond Schlemm's canal. The trocar is removed, and thestent is left in place with the wires protruding into the sclera.

FIGS. 56 A-B show various views of a foldable umbrella trabecular stent.In one embodiment, the foldable umbrella stent 319 is essentiallyaxisymmetric. Multiple stents can be loaded in a stacked configurationonto a trocar of a delivery applicator, and held in place within asleeve. The tip of the trocar is configured sharp enough that it canpenetrate the cornea and the trabecular meshwork. The outflow flange 311of the stent folds inward as the stent is pushed through the createdopening in the trabecular meshwork. Once inside Schlemm's canal, theoutflow flange reassumes its open geometry. Deployment of each stent isachieved either through activation of a piston, plunger or theretraction of the trocar sleeve. Multiple stents can be injected withoutreloading the applicator.

In one embodiment, the stent is provided with a center outflow port 312connected to the stent lumen 314 and a plurality of side outflow ports313. The foldable umbrella trabecular stent has the benefits andadvantages. The angled outflow flange may hold Schlemm's canal open.Multiple stent deliveries can be achieved because the stent can bestacked in the applicator. Rotational orientation is not required duringimplantation as a result of axisymmetric stent design. And the stent canpass through a smaller corneal incision as a result of the stent beingcrushed during delivery.

FIGS. 57 A-B show various views of a trabecular stent having a modifiedcenter bulb 324 with anchors. In one embodiment, thecenter-bulb-with-anchor stent 329 is axisymmetric. In one embodiment,stents can be loaded in a stacked configuration onto a trocar of adelivery applicator, and held in place within a sleeve. The tip of thetrocar is sharp enough that it can penetrate the cornea and thetrabecular meshwork. In another embodiment, the stent possesses a sharptip (not shown) so that it can penetrate the cornea and the trabecularmeshwork, whereas stents can be loaded in a stacked configuration withina sleeve.

An applied force will bury the sharp tip and grooves 325 into thescleral wall of Schlemm's canal. An outwardly expandable scleral anchorarrangement 323 is provided at the distal end of the stent 329. Thesclera will tend to conform to the exterior surface of the sharp tip andgrooves. Tissue extending into the grooves will assist with retentionstrength. Once in position, the outflow ducts 322 bulge open by means ofthe superelastic properties of a shape-memory material, e.g., Nitinol.The outflow ducts provide a dual purpose. First, they buttress Schlemm'scanal; and second, they create multiple pathways for the outflow ofaqueous via a stent lumen 321.

Deployment of each stent is achieved either through the activation ofthe piston, or the retraction of the sleeve. Multiple stents can beinjected without reloading the applicator. The trabecular stent having amodified center bulb with anchors has several advantages. Schlemm'scanal would be buttressed open by the outflow ducts of the bulb portion.If deployed properly, the bulb will serve to add retention strength.Grooves will bolster the retention strength. Multiple stent deliveriescan be achieved because the stent can be stacked in the applicator.Rotational orientation is not required during implantation as a resultof axisymmetric stent design. The multiple pores help prevent aqueousclogging. Shape-setting and other memory-shape material, such asNitinol, are well understood procedure and products. And cylindricaldesign should simplify manufacturing process.

FIGS. 58 A-B show various views of a mushroom trabecular stent. In oneembodiment, the mushroom stent 339 is axisymmetric. Stents can be loadedin a stacked configuration onto a trocar. The tip of the trocar is sharpenough that it can penetrate the cornea and the trabecular meshwork. Thedomed, or partially bulbous, outflow surface 331 of the stent furtherwidens the openings in the cornea and meshwork. Deployment of each stentis achieved either through activation of a piston, plunger or theretraction of the trocar sleeve. Multiple stents can be injected withoutreloading the applicator. Once positioned, the domed outflow surface ofthe stent buttresses Schlemm's canal. Pores 332 arrayed circularlyaround the domed outflow surface provide many outflow paths for aqueousflow. The flange 333 is for enhancing the stent retention at trabecularmeshwork.

The mushroom trabecular stent has several advantages. The domed outflowsurface may hold Schlemm's canal open. The multiple pores help preventaqueous clogging. Multiple stent deliveries can be achieved because thestent can be stacked in the applicator. And rotational orientation isnot required during implant as a result of axisymmetric stent design.

FIGS. 59 A-C show various views of a rivet trabecular stent 349.Multiple stents can be loaded in a stacked configuration onto a trocar.The tip of the trocar is sharp enough that it can penetrate the corneaand the trabecular meshwork. After deployment in place, the rivets 341tend to expand radially outwardly to anchor the stent within sclera wallof Schlemm's canal while the outlets of the stent (depicted in therivets 341) may be configured to remain within Schlemm's canal.

FIGS. 60 A-B show various views of a trabecular stent with scleralanchors. In one embodiment, the scleral anchor stent 359 isaxisymmetric. Stents can be loaded in a stacked configuration within asleeve. The stent possesses a sharp barbed tip 351 that is sharp enoughthat it can penetrate the cornea and the trabecular meshwork. The domedoutflow surface 352 of the stent further widens the openings in thecornea and meshwork. An applied force embeds the barbed tip into thescleral wall of Schlemm's canal thus creating a scleral anchor.

Deployment of each stent is achieved either through activation of thepiston, plunger or the retraction of the sleeve. Multiple stents can beinjected without reloading the applicator. Once positioned, the domedoutflow surface of the stent buttresses Schlemm's canal. Pores 353arrayed circularly around the domed outflow surface provide many outflowpaths for aqueous flow. The flange 354 is for enhancing the stentretention at trabecular meshwork. The domed outflow surface may holdSchlemm's canal open. The multiple pores help prevent aqueous clogging.Multiple stent deliveries can be achieved because the stent can bestacked in the applicator. And rotational orientation is not requiredduring implantation as a result of axisymmetric stent design.

FIGS. 61 A-B show various views of another trabecular stent with scleralanchors. In one embodiment, the alternate scleral anchor stent 369 isaxisymmetric. Stents can be loaded in a stacked configuration within atrocar sleeve. The stent possesses a sharp tip 361 that can penetratethe cornea and the trabecular meshwork. An applied force will embed thesharp tip and grooves into the scleral wall of Schlemm's canal thuscreating a scleral anchor while a plurality of outlet pores 363 areconfigured to remain with Schlemm's canal to permit flow of aqueoustherethrough. The sclera will tend to conform to the exterior surface ofthe sharp tip and grooves 362. Tissue extending into the grooves willassist with retention strength.

Deployment of each stent is achieved either through activation of thepiston, plunger or the retraction of the sleeve. Multiple stents can beinjected without reloading the applicator. The pores 363 are arrayedcircularly around the domed outflow surface and provide many outflowpaths for aqueous flow. The multiple pores help prevent aqueousclogging. Multiple stent deliveries can be achieved because the stentcan be stacked in the applicator. Rotational orientation is not requiredduring implantation as a result of axisymmetric stent design. Grooveswill bolster retention strength. And cylindrical design should simplifymanufacturing process.

FIGS. 62 A-B show various views of a trabecular stent with a screw. Inone embodiment, the screw stent 379 is generally not axisymmetric.Stents can be loaded in a stacked configuration within a trocar sleeve.A trocar may extend through the axis of the stents. The trocar couldpossesses a sharp tip so that it can penetrate the cornea and thetrabecular meshwork. A pilot hole can be created in the scleral wall ofSchlemm's canal using the trocar. After the meshwork has been punctured,the threads 371 of the stent can be screwed into the scleral wall ofSchlemm's canal, thus creating a scleral anchor. Twisting motion can beaccomplished through the use of a piston or other feasible means.Deployment of each stent is achieved either through activation of thepiston with rotating means or the retraction of the sleeve. Multiplestents can be injected without reloading the applicator. Pores 372arrayed circularly around the domed outflow surface provide many outflowpaths for aqueous flow. The multiple pores help prevent aqueousclogging. Multiple stent deliveries can be achieved because the stentcan be stacked in the applicator. Rotational orientation is not requiredduring implant as a result of axisymmetric stent design. Threads willbolster retention strength. And recessed shaft of the stent may aid withpreventing the meshwork from staying pinched shut.

FIGS. 63A-B show various views of a spike trabecular stent. In oneembodiment, the spike stent 389 is axisymmetric. Stents are stack-loadedonto a trocar, and kept in place via friction or other retention means.The tip of the trocar is sharp enough that it can penetrate the corneaand the trabecular meshwork with little effort. Deployment of the stentis achieved by advancing the push tube inside the applicator. An appliedforce will embed the sharp edge of the stent into the scleral wall ofSchlemm's canal thus creating a scleral anchor. Multiple stents can beinjected without reloading the applicator. Pores 381 arrayed circularlyaround the cylindrical wall provide many outflow paths for aqueous flow.

In one embodiment, all pores are sized and configured to expose toSchlemm's canal alone so as to pressurize Schlemm's canal before, after,or during stent implantation. In another embodiment, the pores are sizedand configured to irrigate Schlemm's canal, trabecular meshwork and/orsclera tissue of Schlemm's canal. The multiple pores help preventaqueous clogging. Multiple stent deliveries can be achieved because thestent can be stacked in the applicator. Rotational orientation is notrequired during implantation as a result of axisymmetric stent design.And the tubular geometry simplifies the manufacturing process.

FIGS. 64A-B show a multiple blade mushroom stent 399 and its associatedtrocar delivery system. In one embodiment, the stent comprises at leastone blade. In another embodiment, the stent 399 comprises dual blades,as depicted in FIG. 64B. In a further embodiment, the stent 399comprises a distal terminal 391 to be placed in Schlemm's canal, aproximal terminal 392 to be placed in the anterior chamber, a middleportion with groove 393 to be placed in the trabecular meshwork, and adistal tip 394 with a plurality of blades 395. One or more multipleblade mushroom stents are placed inside the sleeve 396 of a stentdelivery trocar 397.

In one preferred embodiment, the trocar comprises a tri-face trocar tipwhich is configured to be sharp enough that it can penetrate thetrabecular meshwork or the sclera with little effort. In one embodimentof operations, the outer sheath 396 with sharp edge cuts the cornea. Thesharp tip of the tri-face trocar 397 penetrates the trabecular meshwork,whereby the trocar is advanced via a pusher tube 398 into the trabecularmeshwork until the meshwork rides over the outer sheath. Irrigation isachieved via fluid flow in a fluid passageway between the trocar and theouter sheath. After irrigation, the outer sleeve and trocar areretracted while holding the pusher tube in place. The meshwork wouldthen reside in the stent groove 393. The multiple blades or sharp endsof the mushroom stent are sized and configured to cut and spread openthe meshwork during stent insertion.

Controlled Stent Injection

With reference to the drawings, in FIGS. 65-72, an incision tip is shownwith a plunger, within a trocar. The distal end of the plungerterminates adjacent a proximal end of a stent and the proximal end ofthe plunger is used for actuation. In operation, a trocar is brought torest on the edge of trabecular meshwork, the plunger end is actuated topush the cutting end into trabecular meshwork and into a rear surface ofthe sclera beyond Schlemm's canal. The trocar provides an arrest againsta stop element of the plunger, whereby the cutting edge travel iscontrolled to a distance D, just sufficient to provide a transscleralincision and placement of the stent. Withdrawal of the plunger removesthe trocar cutting element from the slit/opening and the trocar isremoved thereafter. The length of the cutting element is between about1.0 mm and 3.5 mm, although the length could more less than about 1.0 mmor greater than about 3.5 mm. Some embodiments relate to a trocar withthe distance D between about 100 microns to a few millimeters,preferably between about 200 microns to 500 microns, although it iscontemplated that the distance D could be less than about 100 microns orgreater than a few millimeters.

In some embodiments, the injector-type stent delivery applicator (alsoknown as G2 injector) serves the purpose of driving a trabecular stentinto Schlemm's canal with possibility of anchoring the distal tip of thestent into the sclera beyond Schlemm's canal. Furthermore, the G2injector may supply irrigating fluid, e.g., saline, viscoelastic, toinflate the canal. Canal inflation can be performed before, after, orduring stent insertion.

In one embodiment, the canal inflation can be achieved by pressurizingor fluid irrigation at one or more than one places along thecircumference of Schlemm's canal; for example, at any of quadrant pointsof the circumference. In another embodiment, the fluid properties(viscosity, composition, drug inclusion, and the like) at more than oneplace along the circumference of Schlemm's canal may be different fromeach other. In a further embodiment, the stent delivery applicatorcomprises more than one applicator tip, wherein a first tip is providedfor pressurizing Schlemm's canal and a second tip is provided for stentimplantation without removing the applicator out of the eye.

FIG. 65 shows a perspective view of a G2 injector 401 whereas FIG. 66shows a top view of the G2 injector of FIG. 65. The injector 401comprises a body 402, a button 403 for deploying a trabecular stent thatis held with a lumen of the stem 404, and a cap 405 that is accessibleto any irrigating fluid. The injector and stem may be made of any rigidmaterial, such as a metal or plastic. A cross-section of the stem 404reveals the sharp-tipped trocar 407, stent 406, pusher tube 408, andouter tube 409 as shown in FIG. 67.

In one embodiment, the stem 404 is equipped with a solid trocar thatmoves back and forth within a lumen of the stent 406. In anotherembodiment, the stem is equipped with irrigation means for providingirrigating fluid to the injector 401. FIGS. 68A-C illustrate three modesof a side cross-sectional view of a G2 injector stem, showing irrigatingtrocar portion. In a first mode as shown in FIG. 68A, the hollow trocar410 comprises a sharp tip 411 for penetrating through tissue and a fluidpassage lumen 412 sized and configured for fluid irrigating out of theend port 413 or out of at least one side port 414. After a desired slitor opening is created on the tissue by the sharp tip 411, the trocar 410is retracted as shown in FIG. 68B. In a later mode as shown in FIG. 68C,the stent 406 is ready to be deployed and implanted in place. Asillustrated, fluid irrigation or canal inflation can be performedbefore, after, or during stent insertion.

FIG. 69 shows two modes of the G2 injector: (A) in the cockedorientation and (B) in the deployed orientation. Stent positioning isperformed while the injector 401 is in the cocked orientation. Deliveryis accomplished during the motion between the cocked and deployedorientations. This action is triggered with the push of the button.During the loading phase, the stent is loaded onto the trocar 407 whenthe injector is in the deployed orientation. Loading is accomplished bysliding the stent onto the trocar. The proximal end of the stentpreferably seats against the pusher tube. During the cocking phase, theinjector 401 is put into the cocked orientation after loading the stent.This is accomplished by rotating the button. The button 403 has anangled slot 421 that the pusher tube resides in during the deployedorientation. FIGS. 70 A and B show two pusher tube locations of thebutton geometry. As this button is rotated, the pusher tube is forcedout of the slot and onto the outer surface 422 of the button shaft 420.

FIG. 71 shows a schematic illustration of effective shorting of a pushertube in the G2 injector, whereas FIG. 72 illustrates where thepusher-tube resides when the G2 injector is cocked. The button rotationforces the pusher tube 408 to bow from a first position 408B to a secondposition 408A. Ultimately, this action accomplishes effective shorteningof the pusher tube distance extending beyond the interior body. Sincethe trocar may reside inside of the pusher tube, it too may bow andbecome effectively shortened. Springs 425 apply a force to the bowedpusher tube 408.

In one embodiment, the button 403 can be rotated 360 degree as shown inFIG. 72. During the rotation, the button may raise axially a slightamount. The pusher tube 408 may reside on the button, just below theslot 421 until it is deployed. When deployed, the pusher tube 408preferably resides in the slot 421.

The term “Multi-stent therapy” refers to the intentional placement of astent in each of several locations in Schlemm's canal 22. SinceSchlemm's canal 22 has measurable resistance to flow at physiologicalflow rates, a plurality of stents is strategically placed close toconcentrations of collector ducts 23 or a large collector anddistributed around Schlemm's canal 22 to maximize the impact of multiplestents.

An injector or device applicator to hold a plurality of serial deviceshas advantages of placing the device one at a time without reloading thedevice or without completely withdrawing the applicator out of a portionof the body. The advantages may include saving operating time, reducingredundant incision or injury, or exact positioning for device placement.

By way of example, but without limitation, an injector or deviceapplicator for multiple device deployment may be used for implantingpunctum plugs in an eye, for implanting drug-eluting devices into scleratissue of an eye, implanting drug-eluting devices into tissue of aposterior segment, or implanting cardiovascular stents. Some embodimentsrelate to a method of multiple device deployment comprising: (a) loadinga plurality of devices within a device-retaining space of a deviceapplicator; (b) delivering the applicator to a first target implantsite; (c) deploying a first device at the first target implant site; (d)detaching the applicator from the first target implant site; (e)directing the applicator to a second target implant site; (f) deployinga second device at the second target implant site; and (g) withdrawingthe applicator.

The device of the exemplary embodiment preferably comprises abiocompatible material such that inflammation arising due to irritationbetween the outer surface of the device and the surrounding tissue isminimized. Biocompatible materials which may be used for the device 81preferably include, but are not limited to, titanium, titanium alloys,polypropylene, nylon, PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate), medical gradesilicone, e.g., SILASTIC™, available from Dow Corning Corporation ofMidland, Mich.; and polyurethane, e.g., PELLETHANE™, also available fromDow Corning Corporation.

In other embodiments, the device of the embodiments may comprise othertypes of biocompatible material, such as, by way of example, polyvinylalcohol, polyvinyl pyrolidone, collagen, heparinized collagen,polytetrafluoroethylene, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinatedpolymer, fluorinated elastomer, flexible fused silica, polyolefin,polyester, polysilicon, and/or a mixture of the aforementionedbiocompatible materials, and the like. In still other embodiments,composite biocompatible material may be used, wherein a surface materialmay be used in addition to one or more of the aforementioned materials.For example, such a surface material may include polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) (such as TEFLON™), polyimide, hydrogel, heparin, therapeuticdrugs (such as beta-adrenergic antagonists and other anti-glaucomadrugs, or antibiotics), and the like.

Although preferred embodiments of the inventions have been described indetail, including a method for treating glaucoma comprising placing aplurality of trabecular stents for transporting aqueous from an anteriorchamber to Schlemm's canal, certain variations and modifications will beapparent to those skilled in the art, including embodiments that do notprovide all of the features and benefits described herein. It will beunderstood by those skilled in the art that the present inventionsextend beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to otheralternative embodiments and/or uses of the present inventions andobvious modifications and equivalents thereof. In addition, while anumber of variations of the present inventions have been shown anddescribed in detail, other modifications, which are within the scope ofthe present inventions, will be readily apparent to those of skill inthe art based upon this disclosure. It is also contemplated that variouscombinations or subcombinations of the specific features and aspects ofthe embodiments may be made and still fall within the scope of thepresent inventions. Accordingly, it should be understood that variousfeatures and aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be combined withor substituted for one another in order to form varying modes of thepresent inventions. Thus, it is intended that the scope of the presentinventions herein disclosed should not be limited by the particulardisclosed embodiments described above.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating an ocular disorder,comprising: inserting an implant on one side of an eye, the implanthaving an anchor on a distal end portion and an outlet opening disposedproximal of the anchor, the anchor having a sharp end at a distal-mostend of the distal end portion; advancing the implant across the eye tothe other side of the eye; inserting the anchor into eye tissue on theother side of the eye; and eluting a therapeutic agent using theimplant.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein eluting a therapeutic agentinvolves eluting the therapeutic agent from a body of the implant. 3.The method of claim 1, wherein eluting a therapeutic agent involveseluting the therapeutic agent from the outlet opening.
 4. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the method further comprises conducting fluid throughthe implant from one or more inlet openings to at least said outletopening.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein conducting fluid through theimplant involves conducting fluid from an anterior chamber of the eye.6. The method of claim 4, wherein conducting fluid through the implantinvolves conducting fluid to a physiologic outflow pathway of the eye.7. The method of claim 4, wherein conducting fluid through the implantinvolves conducting fluid to a choroid of the eye.
 8. The method ofclaim 4, wherein conducting fluid through the implant involvesconducting fluid towards a choroid of the eye.
 9. The method of claim 1,wherein inserting the anchor involves embedding the anchor in scleraltissue such that the anchor only partially penetrates the sclera. 10.The method of claim 1, wherein advancing the implant involves placing atleast a portion of the implant in contact with a choroid of the eye. 11.The method of claim 1, wherein advancing the implant involves advancingthe implant across an anterior chamber of the eye.
 12. The method ofclaim 1, wherein eluting a therapeutic agent involves releasing thetherapeutic agent into a location adjacent to a choroid of the eye. 13.The method of claim 12, wherein releasing the therapeutic agent involvesreleasing the therapeutic agent from a body of the implant.
 14. Themethod of claim 12, wherein releasing the therapeutic agent involvesreleasing the therapeutic agent from through the outlet opening.
 15. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises draining aqueoushumor from an anterior chamber of the eye through the implant toward achoroid of the eye.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the methodfurther comprises controlling flow of fluid through the implant.
 17. Themethod of claim 16, wherein controlling flow of fluid involvescontrolling flow through the implant using a valve.
 18. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the method further comprises creating a cornealincision and introducing the implant into an anterior chamber of the eyethrough the incision.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the implant hasat least two outlet openings disposed proximal of the anchor.
 20. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the anchor comprises a distally taperingstructure.
 21. The method of claim 1, wherein inserting the anchorinvolves disposing the anchor within ocular tissue such that at least aportion of the anchor is in contact with scleral tissue.